并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词。
1. I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.
我荣幸地告诉你,贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。(英语名词转换成汉语副词)
2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.
通过批量生产可以大幅度降低生产产品的成本。(英语介词转化成汉语动词) 3. A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008. 政府的一份报告提出一个目标:到2008年,要使工业收入达到 2000 亿美元。(英语动词转换成汉语名词)
4. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.
广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。(英语副词转换成汉语形容词) 5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.
我方产品种类繁多,品质优良,价格合理,能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。(英语名词转换成汉语形容词) IV. 视角转化法
1. riot police 防暴警察 2. crisis law 反危机法
3. Students are still arriving. 学生还没有到齐。 4. Don’t stop running. 继续跑。
5. Inflation is Target of Bank’s New Policy (China Daily 标题) 反通货膨胀是银行新政的目标。 6. arms conference 裁军会议
7. bench warmer “冷板凳”队员(替补队员) 视角转化法(Shift of Perspectives)
视角转换——在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情况下,用译语意义替代原语意义,重组原语信息的表层形式,转换表达角度,使译文更符合汉语习惯,更易于被读者接受,更有利于
译文预期功能的实现。
视角转换技巧除了包括肯定句与否定句之间的相互转换,还包括其他与原文不同或相反的表达角度。
1. With the winter coming, many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes. 冬天即将来临,许多商店开始销售寒衣了。
(此处 warm clothes 不译为“暖和的衣服”,经视角转换后译为“御寒的衣服,寒衣”。) 2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.
乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份,甲方一律拥有优先购买权。
(如果把 right of first refusal 刻译成“优先拒绝权”,则有失准确,必须经过视角转换把它译成“优先购买权”才符合行业规范。)
3. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough. 如果贵方订单足够大,我方可提供9折优惠。
( take ten percent off 本义为“把价格扣除百分之十”,利用视角转换法可翻译成“打九折”。) 4. The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.
该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好多个上车地点。
(pick-up points 原义为“接(顾客)的地点”,现在经过视角转换则变为“上车地点” 。) 5. The seller determines to sell it at one price. 商家决定该产品不二价销售。
( at one price 为“只以一种价格”,这样的表达表示不出商家不愿同顾客讨价还价的决心,而用“不二价”则意义明确。)
6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.
苏格兰经济学家亚当·斯密在其1776年所著的《国富论》中认为,专业化生产会引起产出增加。(这里,把“增加的产出”转变为“产出增加”。)
7. But the A shares, off limits to foreign investors, were still among the best performers. 但仅对国内投资者发行的A股股票,仍表现上佳。
(off limits to意为“禁止进入”,直译显得语气生硬,而将“禁止外国投资者进入”转换视
角,译为“仅对国内投资者发行”则很委婉。)
1. They’ll have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment. 这项投资不会在短时间内赢利,他们得做好准备。 2. Urban clearway. 市区通道,不准停车。 3. Keep upright. 切勿倒置。
4. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.
虽然议案未获通过,但在随后的25年中,有100多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会。 V. 增减法(Amplification & Pruning )
(一)增补同义词
英语有一词多义的特点,同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭配,相互修
饰、制约,语言仍自然流畅。
汉语在词的搭配方面相对严谨,同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。 根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英语词汇的一词多义的特点,我们应采用增补同义词的技巧,这样才能使译文既准确达意,又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。
1. The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.
产品革新是国企改革措施之一,因为它可以减少损失、降低成本和缩减预算。 2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.
买卖双方正忙于交易磋商,合约谈判和汇票议付。
3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employee loyalty.
员工士气高会提高生产力水平、增加股东收益,并增强其忠诚度。
(二)增补范畴词
在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯,经常增加的范畴词有:方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。例如:
1. The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors. 商品市场需求的变化情况受内因和外因两方面因素影响。
直译:市场对商品需求的变化受内因和外因影响。
添加范畴词修饰相应的抽象名词changes和 factors,则两个词会更加具体、明确。 2. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention. 中东的紧张局势已引起了广泛关注。
3. The temperature needed for this processing is not high. 这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。
4. For many years, there has been serious unemployment in this city. 多年来该城市一直有严重的失业现象。
4. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.
除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决,否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。
(三)增补产品名称
对于英文中缺失的产品名称,翻译时有时要根据具体情况增补出来。如: The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.
5辆丰田牌汽车,20台日立牌电视机和30台施乐牌复印机早已备妥待运,但因你方信用证延迟到达,货物不能按期装运。
原文中Toyota,Hitachi,Xerox都为世界知名品牌,在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完整,才能使译文具体明了。
The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.
社会为竞争法则付出的代价,犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高档消费品的代价一样巨大。
comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名词,但在构成复数后,词义就具体化了。 VII. 减词法
减词法是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘啰嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。 减词一般用于以下两种情况:一是从语法角度进行减省;二是从修饰角度进
行减省。
1. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。
2. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. 广告有助于市场的发展,因此,货物卖得越多价格就越便宜。 3. When demands get low, prices may become low. 需求降低,价格就可能降低。
4. Smoking is not allowed in the warehouse. 仓库重地,不准吸烟。 VIII. 重复法(Repetition)
为了避免文章的单调乏味,英文中往往尽量要避免用词重复。除了使用代词外,同一件事物常用拼写不同而意义相近的词来表示。
汉语的重复则不会给人以单调乏味的感觉,相反,如果使用得当,还可以起到反复强调的作用,使语义明确,译文生动。 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 我们应该学会如何分析问题和解决问题。
2.The big company has its disadvantages. 大企业有大企业的难处。
3. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.
管理跨国公司意味着要同时处理民族文化差异与组织文化差异。 4.He became an oil baron—all by himself.
他成了一个石油大亨——一个白手起家的石油大亨。
5. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.
去年,这一地区的煤产量约占全国总产量的20%,钢产量占25% , 棉花产量占35%。 6. In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization
or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.
事实上,大张旗鼓地用金钱来促使人们加入某组织或留下来,这种做法所引起的激励机制上的问题,远比其所解决的问题要多。
7. The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials.