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雅思大作文中常见的论证方法
朗阁海外考试研究中心
雅思大作文中想要拿到高分,掌握好的方法是关键,那么如何利用好的方法去写出一篇好文章呢?为此,朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在此介绍几种较为常用的雅思写
作论证方法,供广大考生参考
雅思写作要拿高分,不是光靠词汇和语法就可以的。很多考生背了很多神级的词汇,但是最后的结果还是惨不忍睹,所以决定高分的关键之一还是在于如何巧用手法把自己会的高分单词和句型用上,而如何全面掌握和正确使用各种论证方法是考生在写作备考中亟待解决的问题。我们分析举例论证、因果论证、让步论证这三种方法。
一、举例论证
举例论证是最有利于增强论述的可靠性与说服力的方法,同时,也是考官建议考生使用的。在雅思考题下方总会有这样一句话:“Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.”
1. 常见表达方式 A. 运用词汇(词组)
关联词:for example, for instance, such as, including, namely, as an illustration, as an example, specifically
B. 简单句型---从句的使用 句型:A good case in point is that … A typical example can be found in … Take … for example, …
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2. 使用注意事项 A. 恰当的例子
举例是很多考生愿意在考场上使用并且常用的方法,但是很多考生喜欢以自己或者自己的朋友、国家为例,这样的例子是过于片面的,没有典型性与普遍性。所以,可以把自己的家庭扩大到一类家庭,把自己的国家扩大到一类国家,这样才具备足够的说服力。
B. 控制例子的字数
举例子,在记叙文中使用也很广泛,一篇记叙文几乎就是在讲一个故事或经历。但是,议论文的例子万万不可这么长篇大论的写,一个论点的例子应控制在一句话左右,有时甚至只需一个名词短语就可以完成。
3. X例评析 剑三C3- Test 2
Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.
点评:考官对于“科技是否会扼杀传统的技艺和生活方式”进行了议论,用for example和in addition来引导出两个例子。其中第一个例子使用internet可以使得children on some islands接受schooling online; 并且使用“the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques”可以帮助“keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon”。举例言简意赅,条理清楚,议论深刻明了。
二、因果论证
因果论证是最能体现学生逻辑思维能力的一种写作手法,而且也是中国考生平时接触最多、
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运用最多的一种。因此,如果学生能够准确运用,会帮文章加分不少。
1. 常见表达方式 A. 运用词汇(词组)
因为:because, since, as +句子(连词)
Due to, owing to, because of ,thanks to , as a result of +词组(介词) 所以:therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently+句子(词组)
B. 简单句型---从句的使用 句型: The reason why … is that … The main factor toward this is that...
It is related to/ associated with the phenomenon that...
2. 使用注意事项 主观与客观相结合:
在分析原因时,应该内外因结合,例如青少年犯罪率的问题,学生可以涉及到外因(例如网络暴力的影响,缺乏父母的关爱甚至是遭受体罚等);除此之外,也需涉及到内因(例如青少年本身不是特别成熟,很容易被误导,而且还有很强的好奇心和模仿力,加之没有足够的法律知识,所以可能在还没有思考足够的情况下,做一些违反法律的事情。
3. X例评析 剑四C4 –Test 2
Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals, then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factor such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too.
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点评:考官在对于“影响幸福的一些因素”进行论证的过程中,采用了因果论证法。以because将原因导入,从每个人对于幸福定义不一样“people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways”, 到对自我的认知程度“have a degree of self-knowledge”, 到最后有关爱情关系、健康、营生的能力以及平和的环境都起到了一定的作用“factor such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment”。由此可见,考官对于这些原因的阐述属于层层推进,最后水到渠成。
三、让步论证法
让步论证法是中国考生较为陌生的一个概念。其实,在中学的时候学习状语从句,我们就学过让步的关系,先退一步承认一个与自己观点相反的事实,再转折给出自己的观点,否定前者。
1. 常见表达方式 A. 运用词汇(词组)
尽管:in spite of this, despite this 但是:however, nonetheless, nevertheless
B. 简单句型---从句的使用 句型: in spite of the fact that... Although, though...
2. 使用注意事项
使用让步的论证法时,应该简单明了。与自己相反观点只需选取一个就可以了,进行简答的阐述,然后迅速的转入到自己的正面观点中去。
3. X例评析 C4 G Test B
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While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, or to a child’s relationship with their parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.
点评:考官对于“如果孩子在很小的时候去学校上学,有什么好处”,先承认有人认为会破坏孩子的发展或者不利于亲子关系,但是好处更多。
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