2013年职称英语真题理工A(word完整版)

学派网2013年职称英语真题word版 学派网2013年职称英语真题理工(A)

第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error. A. inflexible

B. general

C. complex

D. direct

2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed. A. turned dead

B. passed by

C. carried away

D. become extinct 3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon. A. shorten

B. end

C. start

D. resume 4. Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title. A. argue

B. claim

C. wish D. compete

5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive. A. simple

B. reliable

C. effective D. alternative

6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law. A. moral B. regular C. fundamental

D. hard

7. The drinking water has become contaminated with lead. A. polluted B. treated C. tested

D. corrupted

8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down. A. shut B. set C. break

D. beat

9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding. A. wiped

B. injected

C. produced

D. removed

10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem. A. existence

B. importance

C. cause

D. situation

11. The tower remains intact even after two hundred years. 学派网2013年职称英语真题word版 A. unknown

B. unusual

C. undamaged

D. unstable

12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims. A. doubtful

B. untouched

C. certain

D. silent

13. The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members. A. rejected

B. submitted

C. considered

D. approved

14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A. send

B. spread

C. hear

D. confirm

15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A. naked

B. cautious

C. blind

D. private

学派网2013年职称英语真题word版

第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）

New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries

Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韧性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.

Most materials — especially the ones we engineer for strength — get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesn't seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent (共价的) bonds found in other molecules.

To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (纳米晶体) is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure. The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes). By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (纳米碳管), think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk — like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.

16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and

学派网2013年职称英语真题word版 brittle. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future. A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned 学派网2013年职称英语真题word版

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

Black Holes

1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.

2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!

3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state. 4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form. 23. Paragraph 1 24. Paragraph 2 25. Paragraph 3 26. Paragraph 4

A. Is there proof that black holes really exist? B. What are different types of black holes? C. How are black holes formed? D. How were black holes named? E. What happens to the objects around a black hole? F. What are black holes made of?