2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版

seem to be aligned.

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation A. The change of course catalogs. B. Students’ indifference to GPAS. C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS. D. The influence of consumer culture.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning. B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates. C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future. D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.

28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________. A. obtain more financial support B. boost their student enrollments C. improve their teaching quality D. meet local governments’ needs

29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean A. To counterbalance each other. B. To complement each other. C. To be identical with each other. D. To be contradictory to each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.

A. assessing its feasibility B. analyzing the causes behind it C. comparing different views on it D. listing its long-run effects 26-30参考答案及解析：

26.【D】The influence of consumer culture;细节题。根据题干中的关键词grade inflation 可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education.” 题干中的be regarded as对应原文中的is considered，题干中的the cause of(后边接结果)与原文中的a product of (前边接结果)都表示因果关系。选项D中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择D。

27.【A】To help freshmen adapt to college learning;细节题。根据题干中的关键词，我们只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二段讲的是grade forgiveness具体是什么，并没有提及它的目的，然后接下看第三段的首句，出现了this little-known practice指的就是grade forgiveness。而且题干中的the original purpose对应原文中的在第三段第二句话: “When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.”选项A中的freshmen是原词复现，help是对应原文中的give them a second chance，adapt to对应原文中的struggled in their transition to，college learning对应原文中的college-level courses。因此答案为A。

28.【A】obtain more financial support;细节题。根据题干中的关键词paragraph 5、grade forgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即grade forgiveness能够满足学生的需求，但是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往下看，提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到更好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项A中的financial support指的就是state funds。因此答案为A。

29.【C】to be identical with each other;猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最后一句话：“On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.”所以解题的关键是找到this指代的内容。This指代的是前一句话，即：因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人，或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以的出学生和学校的目标是一致的，选项C中的be identical with表示的是与……相同，因此答案为C。

30.【B】analyzing the causes behind it;主旨题。题干的字面意思是作者是通过什么样的方式来检验grade forgiveness的实践操作，但是是考查文章的主旨，属于主旨题。阅读每段的段落大意句，可以得出文章主要讲解的是grade forgiveness的原因。因此答案为B。

Text 3

This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, or

consciousness What makes humans humans”

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there

are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it A. fascinates AI scientists all over the world. B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years. C. involves some concerns raised by AI today. D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.

32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness A. helps explain artificial intelligence. B. can be misleading to robot making. C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series. D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.

33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles A. can hardly ever be found. B. is still beyond our capacity. C. causes little public concern. D. has aroused much curiosity.

34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one of A. affirmation. B. skepticism. C. contempt. D. respect.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants