2010年考研英语真题及答案
abcabcabcabcSection I Use of
Englishabcabc Directions:abcabc Read the following text。 Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1。 (10 points)abcabc In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago。 It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity。 Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior。abcabc The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant。 According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed。 It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose。 A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself。abcabc After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis。 Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting。abcabc It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed。__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday 。When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days。__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off。 This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down。abcabc 1。 [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restoredabcabc 2。 [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] offabcabc 3。 [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proofabcabc 4。 [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguousabcabc 5。 [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessmentsabcabc 6。 [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] workabcabc 7。 [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long asabcabc 8。 [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusionabcabc 9。 [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundantabcabc 10。 [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] byabcabc 11。 [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyedabcabc 12。 [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar toabcabc 13。 [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]sourceabcabc 14。 [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleadingabcabc 15。 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usualabcabc 16。 [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenlyabcabc 17。 [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continuedabcabc 20。 [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingabcabc Section II Reading Comprehensionabcabc Part Aabcabc Directions:abcabc Read the following four texts。 Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1。 (40 points)abcabc Text 2abcabc Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods。 Amazon。com received one for its “one-click” online payment system。 Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy。 One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box。abcabc Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first
authorized 10 years ago。 In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U。S。 court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents。 In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D。 Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law。 It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents。”abcabc Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets。 That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions。 Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch。 In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them。 Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice。abcabc The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market。 The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling。abcabc The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders。 Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious。 The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C。wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School。abcabc 26。 Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofabcabc [A] their limited value to businessabcabc [B] their connection with asset allocationabcabc [C] the possible restriction on their grantingabcabc [D] the controversy over authorizationabcabc 27。 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?abcabc [A] Its ruling complies with the court decisionsabcabc [B] It involves a very big business transactionabcabc [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuitabcabc [D] It may change the legal practices in the U。S。abcabc 28。 The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably meansabcabc [A] loss of good willabcabc [B] increase of hostilityabcabc [C] change of attitudeabcabc [D] enhancement of dignityabcabc 29。 We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsabcabc [A] are immune to legal challengesabcabc [B] are often unnecessarily issuedabcabc [C] lower the esteem for patent holdersabcabc [D] increase the incidence of risksabcabc 30。 Which of the following would be the subject of the text?abcabc [A] A looming threat to business-method patentsabcabc [B] Protection for business-method patent holdersabcabc [C] A legal case regarding business-method patentsabcabc [D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsabcabc Text 3abcabc In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected。 The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread。abcabc The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to
everyone else。 Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them。 The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods。 In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention。 Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsabcabc In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed。 In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all。abcabc The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others。 Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly。 For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential。 If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people。abcabc Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced。 Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor。 Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction。abcabc 31。By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends toabcabc [A]analyze the consequences of social epidemicsabcabc [B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideasabcabc [C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemicsabcabc [D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials。abcabc 32。The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”abcabc [A]serves as a solution to marketing problemsabcabc [B]has helped explain certain prevalent trendsabcabc [C]has won support from influentialsabcabc [D]requires solid evidence for its validityabcabc 33。what the researchers have observed recently shows thatabcabc [A] the power of influence goes with social interactionsabcabc [B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaabcabc [C] influentials have more channels to reach the publicabcabc [D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attentionabcabc 34。The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoabcabc [A] stay outside the network of social influenceabcabc [B] have little contact with the source of influenceabcabc [C] are influenced and then influence othersabcabc [D] are influenced by the initial influentialabcabc 35。what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?abcabc [A]The eagerness to be acceptedabcabc [B]The impulse to influence othersabcabc [C]The readiness to be influencedabcabc [D]The
inclination to rely on othersabcabc Text 4abcabc Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public。 Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters。 Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair。 These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。abcabc Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working。 The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised。 And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult。abcabc After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes。 These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement。 Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives。” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management。”abcabc European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise。 The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong。 Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules。abcabc It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets。 Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts。 The truth will not be known for years。 But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical。 And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。abcabc To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with。 America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive。 Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters。 The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests。 But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。abcabc 36。 Bankers complained that they were forced toabcabc [A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rulesabcabc [B]collect payments from third partiesabcabc [C]cooperate with the price managersabcabc [D]reevaluate some of their assets。abcabc 37。According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result inabcabc [A]the diminishing role of managementabcabc [B]the revival of the banking systemabcabc [C]the banks’ long-term asset lossesabcabc [D]the weakening of its independenceabcabc 38。According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt toabcabc [A]keep away from political influences。abcabc [B]evade the pressure from their peers。abcabc [C]act on their own in rule-setting。abcabc [D]take gradual measures in reform。abcabc 39。The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that theyabcabc [A]misinterpreted market price indicatorsabcabc [B]exaggerated the real value of their assetsabcabc [C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts。abcabc [D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets。abcabc 40。The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one ofabcabc [A]satisfaction。abcabc [B]skepticism。abcabc [C]objectivenessabcabc [D]sympathyabcabc Part Babcabc
Directions:abcabc For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text。 Paragraph E has been correctly placed。 There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1。 (10 points)abcabc [A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005。 This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent。 Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious。 They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative。abcabc [B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow。 Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad。 But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need。abcabc [C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not。 The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers。 In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy 。At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold。abcabc [D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence。 Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby。 At least, that is how it looks as a whole。 Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories。 Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors。 New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too。abcabc [E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks。 Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home。 Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes。 Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends。abcabc [F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales。 Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate。abcabc [G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good
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