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Prologue:
Historical geology is the study of the origin and evolution of Earth. An important component of historical geology is understanding how we know what we know.
Historical geology is, however, more than just a recitation of past events. It is the study of a dynamic planet that has changed continuously during the past 4.6 billion years ¨Calthough not always at the same rate. Historical geology examines the origin and evolution of Earth , its continents¡¢atmosphere¡¢oceans and life .Geologists seek not only to place events in an orderly chronologic arrangement but also, more importantly, to explain how and why past events happened. It is one thing to observe in the fossil record that dinosaurs went extinct but quite another to ask how they became extinct. Geologists have long noted evidence in rocks of numerous mountain-building episodes. Only in the last few decades , however, has a theory emerged to provide geologists with a comprehensive model explaining how mountain-building occurs and how individual episodes of mountain-building may be relate to each other .
In addition to aiding in the interpretation of Earth¡¯s history, the basic principles of historical geology have practical applications. William Smith, an English surveyor and engineer, recognized that by studying the sequences of rocks and the fossils they contained, he could predict the kinds and thicknesses of rocks that would have to be excavated in the construction of canals. The same principles Smith used in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are still used today in mineral and oil exploration.
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