大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照

大学英语精读第6册全文课文翻译

第六册 商务、技术研究报告的写作 作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND THECNICAL WRITING A surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research 人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. 技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to 么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写present research results clearly and completely, an 作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the 都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提job. The need for some research-writing ability is felt nearly 出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands on the student's research-writing skills, and most professions continue the demand; education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science 教育（学）、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以及农艺可能都要定期报告研究的信息。 研究报告的要素 标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and 但是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。 agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data. ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These 问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者要问答的根本问题。在这同一个部分里应该从社会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。这样，举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用快餐食品对美国青少年有什么影响”那么我们就必须解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, 密切的关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。 and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report. 问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问题以前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些Problem Section. The first required section of a research 贡献作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，report is the statement of the problem with which the research 因为它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得project is concerned. This section requires a precise 的成果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了对研究者的可信度。并且很可能是从某种调查研statement of the underlying question which the researcher has 究中得出来的。 set out to answer. In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social, economic, medical, 过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了，用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。这部分包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选psychological, educational, etc. -- of the question; in other 择的，如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if 实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行we set out, for example, to answer the question \研究的话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of 进行测试的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天the American teenager\气条件，以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods. A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would 程部分的目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来证实或驳斥你的结果的话。 结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要的部分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这部分的基本原则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这consist of summaries of the contributions of previous 种不诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。researcher to the question under consideration with some 如果所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且assessment of the value of these contributions. This 尽可能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the 那样把它写下来。 credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been 讨论部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some 要关注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；investigative tradition. Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, 我们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗会得到批准进行吗这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公司来吗从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可行吗这样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究成果：它exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes 们获得是否真实它们是完整的还是有局限性它们description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were 的应用范围很大吗讨论部分也应该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进一步研究提出一些selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique 建议。 was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would 研究报告的文体 人们认为研究报告是属于正规的专业交流。据此，并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章写得生动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of 晰，完整。校订任何研究报告初稿都应保证所有the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other 资料正确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详述。为方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告的主要部分，而所有资料都应当在恰当的标题下factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal 陈述。标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate 外，它还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因此在某种the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, 程度上增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分your findings. Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in 之间冗长的承上启下的词语。 应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方式陈述研究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有不同的重要性。应该考虑到报告的结构因不同的读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的this section is to give all data relevant to the research 结果最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in 题部分之后和过程部分之前有可能立即出现。其他的研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把研究项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is 会议上宣读时，这一部分应该着重突出。对于非antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the 专业读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的含意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data 部分。 was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should 另外为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it 书面文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research. 等直观形式来表述。 除了检查研究报告是否在技术资料方面表达清楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。Discussion Section. The final required section of a 方面是否准确。research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those 应该使用列举方法来避免长篇大论，强调信息。研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语results. Of primary interest in business and technical 能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一篇完整的research reports is the validity of the results as the bases 研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又有用的文献。 for company decisions: Will our planned construction project 结论 meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for 虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究报告，在building Will this new program attract skilled personnel to 大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是our company Will this new oil recovery technique be 一种负担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效地写出报financially feasible Thus, the discussion section of the 告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口research report must evaluate the research results fully: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are 头和书面陈述研究成果与资料收集过程看成同样重要）：写作步骤井然有序，包括写作前的准备工作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽they applicable over a wide range of circumstances The 可能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一discussion section should also point out what question remain 个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架；有一个合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further 有效的进行校订过程。 research. STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS Research reports are considered formal professional communication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively 职业的开端 style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing 贝尔蒙特宾馆，1952年6月11日 that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and 亲爱的妈妈： 你那份令我吃惊的电报，[宣布了由我转寄的＜明顿家的星期天＞、获得了＜小姐＞杂志五百completeness. The rough draft of any research report should 元奖金。它正好是我在阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that all results are properly 桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你的电报来得正是detailed. As an aid to the reader, headings indicating at 时候。那时我觉得很累——人到一个新地方，第least the major section of the report should be used, and all 一夜总是睡不好的——而我就没有睡多少觉。更data should be presented under the proper headings. In 糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等， 从上午８点addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the 开始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让contents of each section, headings enhance the formal 我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility by reflecting a 餐的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的小费毫无疑问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。我正开动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and 想想看，《明顿家的星期天》竟是一家全国性通eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections. 俗刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不敢相信！ 我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我Research data should be presented in a way that places 暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅proper emphasis on major aspect of the project. For different 游什么的。至少我能够用《明顿家》获得的奖金买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百readers different aspects will take on different degrees of 元之多啊！ importance, and some consideration should be given to structuring research reports differently for different 这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！ 现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心了，……啊，即使这第一个星期之后我双脚疼得audiences. Management, for example, will be most concerned 要命，即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩去，with the results of a research project, and thus the results 要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻的伙伴同乐。多么美好的生活！ section should be emphasized, probably by presenting it 爱你，你那发疯的女儿。 immediately after the problem section and before the 西维 procedures section. Other researchers would be most 1952年6月12日 interested in the procedures section, and this should be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication 毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘子后， 我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得自己陷in professional journals or for presentation at professional 入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important 无法脱身，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我的小说里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the 人公取了一个新名字——马莉，一个能说会道熟discussion of the report for this readership. For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should 知人情世故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越来越小。所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子追求的话，那我是很幸运的。这里的很多女孩确be presented in a visual format -- tables, charts, graphs, 实机灵，能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保diagrams -- as well as in a verbal one. Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in 守、文静、优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅小伙子约会……要是我能与这些女孩相处很好，作她们朋友而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识the presentation of technical data, the author of a research 分子的话，那就好了。 report should review for basic grammatical and mechanical 对于《小姐》杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可理accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings should be used 解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让我高兴的。最大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只能挣到300美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize 忡的。我现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来，到《小姐》information. The research writer should try to use the 那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女simplest possible language without sacrificing the 大学生之一！ professional quality of the report. Although specialized 真的，当我想起整个春假期间怎样着手写这篇小terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A 说。在学校修改润色，在海文豪斯厨房喧闹的环finished research report should be readable and useful 境中熬夜打字到深夜的时候，我真的无法相信这篇小说会获得如此大奖……