第一章
1-What are the function and result of the two controversies in ancient Greece? 古希腊两个著名论争的功能和结果？
One controversy was between the naturalists and the conventionalists. The naturalists argued that the form of words
reflected
the
nature
of
objects.
The
conventionalists thought that language was conventional and there was no logic connection between form and meaning of words. The other controversy was between the analogiata and the anomalists on the regularities of language. The analogists claimed language was regular and there were rules for people to follow. The anomalists maintained there were no rules . Their debate roused people’s interest in language and led them to the detailed study of Greek. The direct result was the appearance of a book of Greek grammar.
2 What are the main features of traditional linguistics? 传统语言学的主要特征
Traditional Linguistics was practical in nature. People made a study of language in order to read classic works. Traditional linguists believed that the written form of language was superior to spoken form. They tried to set up principles and standards for people to use language correctly.
3-What are the contributions made by Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield to the development of American structuralism? Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield对美国结构主义发展的贡献
Franz Boas and Edward Sapir were forerunners of American structuralism. Boas studied the American Indians’ languages and found that the traditional grammatical model could not be used to analyse the structure of those languages. He had to describe those language as they were used. This started American structuralism. Leonard Bloomfield accepted the theories and principles of Franz Boas. He argued that linguists should describe instead of prescribing what people say and should take an inductive approach in analyzing data.
In 1933, he published the book Language. It soon became the bible of American structuralism.
4-What is the influence of behaviorism over American structuralism? 行为主义对美国结构主义的影响
In 1933, the American psychologist John Watson published an article entitled Psychology as Behaviorist Views It . This was the formal introduction behaviorism. Watson believed we had no direct way to observe the animal’s mind. We could only observe the animal’s behavior and the external environmental conditions. Behaviorists studied the relation between stimuli and responses. They divided learning process into two kinds. One kind is now called classic conditioning. The other is called operant conditioning. Behaviorism helped the development of structuralism.
5-- What is Chomsky’s explanation of the first language acquisition process? 乔姆斯基对母语获得的解释
Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD). This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar. When the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD. Children’s language acquisition process completes when the universal grammar is successfully transformed into the grammar of a particular language.
6-What is the difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance? 语言能力和语言应用的不同
Linguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses. Linguistic performance refers to the actural utterance produced by the native speakers. 7-How does transformational generative linguistics differ in research methods? 在研究方法上转换生成语言学有什么不同？
Transformational generative linguistics opposes the structuralist method of taking linguistic performance as
the goal. It also attacks the inductive approach. It believes that linguistics should study the linguistic competence, not the performance, of the native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.
8--What is the main feature of functional linguistics? 功能语言学的特征
Functional linguistics, founded by Malinowski and developed by Firth, believes “the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context” It introduced the phrase “context of situation”. The theory is based on the notion of function in context. Its point of view is that linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance, form and context. The theory also divides a particular situation type into three dimensions.
9--What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology? 格式塔心理学的主要理论
Gestalt psychology appeared in the 1920s. Its research was focused on the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole
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