题型四 语篇型语法填空
Cloze 1 [2019全国I]
主题:对北极熊数量的关注与研究 词数:164 难度:★★★ 建议时间:8分钟 高考真题
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as
Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000—25,000 polar bears worldwide. Modern methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are 68 (high) than they actually are. Of 69 nineteen
recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
试题分析 ?素养解读
文章通过介绍科学家对北极熊数量变化的关注与研究,引导考生关注生态和自然,提高环境保护意识,深入思考人与自然的和谐相处之道。
庖丁解牛
本题难点集中在同位语从句、非谓语动词等考点。
?61题,要分析出这是一个复合句,\是对空前evidence的具体内容的解释,根据同位语从句引导词的特点可知,此空填that。
?64题,要熟练掌握及运用\主语+be动词+adj.+不定式\结构,本题中Modern methods与第二个谓语相隔较远,如能识别出这个结构,就很容易填出to perform。
【答案与解析】 本文是一篇说明文,主题语境涉及\人与自然\和\人与动物\。本文介绍了科学家对北极熊数量变化的关注与研究,引导考生关注生态平衡与环境保护。
61.that 考查名词性从句。本句含有一个同位语从句,解释了名词evidence\证据\的具体内容,空处在从句中不充当成分,也无意义,故本空填连词that。
62.poorly 考查副词。应用副词poorly\不好地,不足\修饰动词studied。 63.of/for 考查介词。名词method后接介词of/for,表示\的方法\。 【知识拓展】 其他常见的表示 \方法\的名词的介词搭配
way 常与介词of 或动词不定式搭配,如:the way of learning English,the way to learn English;approach 常与介词to搭配,如:the approach to dealing with this problem;means常与介词of搭配,如:an effective means of communication。
64.to perform 考查非谓语动词。此处属于\主语+be动词+adj.+不定式\结构,主语通常是不定式动作的承受者,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
65.have reported 考查时态和主谓一致。句中的时间状语In recent years多与现在完成时连用,主语some Inuit people为复数意义,因此本空填have reported。
【技巧点拨】 现在完成时的其他标志性词语有:just, already, ever, never, yet, before, lately, recently, for a long time, up to now, so far, in the last few years/weeks/months等。在文中看到这些词语,通常应用现在完成时。
66.belief 考查名词。根据空前的a可知,此处leading to后应接名词作宾语,故本空填belief\信念\。 【知识拓展】 ve结尾的动词变名词时,常把ve变为f。如:relieve v.解除,减轻→relief n.宽慰,轻松; 解脱。 67.noting 考查非谓语动词。介词by后跟动词时应用其-ing形式作宾语,故本空填noting。 68.higher 考查比较级。根据空后的连词than可知,本句表示比较意义,因此本空应填higher。
69.the 考查冠词。Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations意为\在这19个已知的北极熊亚种群当中\,本空应填定冠词the,表示特指。
70.are 考查时态和主谓一致。本句中其他分句的谓语动词用了一般现在时,且空处所在分句的主语six表示复数意义,故本空应填are作该分句的谓语动词。
Cloze 2 [2018全国Ⅰ]
主题:跑步的益处 词数:173 难度:★★ 建议时间:8分钟 高考真题
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more
effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise... it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy). If you are time-poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give 70 a try.
试题分析
?素养解读
本文主要介绍了跑步的益处,培养学生有效地陈述事件、传递信息以及表达个人观点和情感的能力,并引导学生积极运动,关注身心健康,进而形成积极向上的生活态度。
庖丁解牛
?第62、63空提示词均为动词,首先判断两个设空处都填非谓语,然后根据语境判断非谓语的形式。第63空除了考查介词后用动词-ing外,还考查die的不规则变化。 ?第68、69空的提示词均为名词,首先判断空处在句中作什么成分,以此来确定空处所填词的词性,再根据构词法对词汇进行变形。
【答案与解析】 本文是一篇说明文,介绍了跑步的益处。 61.longer 考查副词。句中有than,故用long的比较级longer。
62.to see 考查非谓语动词。本句有谓语,因此此处应用非谓语动词;分析句子结构及句意可知,此处应用动词不定式to see作目的状语。
63.dying 考查非谓语动词。短语reduce one’s risk of...表示\降低某人……的风险\, 介词of后跟动词作宾语时要用其-ing形式。
64.is 考查时态和主谓一致。本文主体时态为一般现在时,本句中宾语从句也应用一般现在时;且宾语从句的主语为it,故用is。
65.than 考查介词。此处表示跑步比散步、骑行或游泳更能有效地延长生命。根据句中的more可知,此处应用介词than引出比较对象。故填than。
66.that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为a study,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/which。
67.causes 考查名词。 此处cause是可数名词,意为\原因\,句中的all表示\所有\,其后应用可数名词的复数形式,故填causes。
68.strengthen 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式作目的状语,故本空应填动词strengthen,意为\增强,加强\。 69.energetic 考查形容词。and连接两个并列分句,and前面的cheap和easy均为形容词,故空处应用形容词energetic作表语,意为\需要能量的,剧烈的\。
70.it 考查固定搭配。give it a try为固定搭配,意为\试一试\,根据语境可知,it指代running。
Cloze 3 [2017甲卷(全国Ⅱ)]
主题:地铁的发展过程 词数:181 难度:★★★ 建议时间:9分钟 高考真题
In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62 work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63 (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64 top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines 65 (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66
(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67 every day.
Later, engineers 68 (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the 69 (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most 70 (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
试题分析
?素养解读
本文通过对世界上第一条地下客运铁路的介绍,引导学生了解外国的优秀文化,拓宽学生的国际视野,使他们能够从跨文化的角度去观察和认识世界,进而对事物作出正确的价值判断。
庖丁解牛
?有提示词类涉及的知识点:
(1)名词的复数、名词后缀(2)形容词 (3)副词
(4)2个动词的时态和语态 (5)动词-ing作宾语
无提示词类涉及的知识点: (1)介词 (2)冠词 (3)代词
?63题,该空不与前面的谓语动词included并列,而是与digging up和building并列。分析句式结构是解答该题的关键。
【答案与解析】 本文为说明文,介绍了全世界第一条地下客运铁路在英国开放并逐渐发展成现在的地铁的过程。
61.crowds 考查名词复数。crowd(人群)为可数名词,其前没有限定词修饰,且此处表示复数概念,故应用其复数形式。
62.from 考查介词。此处是指\当他们来回上下班时\。
63.laying 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,该句的主语为This,谓语动词included后由and连接了三个动词-ing短语作并列宾语。故填laying。
64.the 考查定冠词。此处特指\在顶端\建造一个结实的顶,所以在 top前加the。
65.were used 考查时态和语态。本文介绍的是过去的事情,而且Steam engines与use之间为动宾关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were used。
66.fairly 考查副词。此处应用副词修饰形容词unpleasant,故填fairly。
67.it 考查代词。根据上文的\可知,此处用it代替the railway。
【知识拓展】 one 指代上文提到的单个的人或物,指\同一类中的一个\,表示泛指;that指代上文出现的名词,表示同类的东西,既可指代可数名词单数,又可指代不可数名词,常有后置定语修饰,表示特指;it 指上文提到的同一事物,表示特指。
68.managed 考查时态。分析句子结构可知,空处在句中作谓语,engineers与manage之间为主动关系,而且此处描述的是发生在过去的事情,所以填managed。
69.introduction 考查词性转换。由空前的定冠词the可知,空处应用名词,故填introduction。
70.successful 考查词性转换。根据语境并结合空前的the most可知,空处应用形容词。故填successful。
方法1 有提示词类的解题方法
1.提供动词类
典例1 [2019山东潍坊一中高三预测,62 & 63]Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist ideology (create) by a famous Taoist (name) Zhang Sanfeng, in the early years of the Ming dynasty.
分析句子结构可知,第一空在句中作谓语,根据时间状语in the early years of the Ming dynasty可知,此处为过去的动作,应用一般过去时;本句主语Wudang martial arts为复数形式,且与create为被动关系,因此谓语动词应用复数形式,且为被动语态,由此可知第一空应填were created。第二空用非谓语动词作后置定语,name与其逻辑主语Taoist为动宾关系,故用过去分词named。
were created; named
典例2 [2020北京四中期中,28]Last Thursday,we had a class meeting (discuss)where to go for our spring outing.
分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语动词had,故此处应填非谓语动词,结合语境可知,此处表示目的,故应用不定式。
to discuss 2.词形转换类
典例3 [2019湖南长沙雅礼中学高三入学考试,63 & 64]As we all know, baked or fried foods may be (taste), but eating too many of them will (probable) result in some illnesses.
第一空在句中作表语,表示\好吃的\应用形容词tasty;第二空在句中修饰动词result,应用probable的副词形式。
tasty;probably
典例4 [2020山东青岛期中,64]Also,search engines rank by (popular)rather than accuracy,so solid facts can be tricky to find.
句意:此外,搜索引擎根据受欢迎程度而不是准确性进行排名,因此很难找到确凿的事实。空处作介词by的宾语,应用名词形式。
popularity
典例5 The (hard)you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!
分析句子结构可知,此处为\比较级..., the+比较级...\结构,表示\越……,就越……\故填harder。 harder
典例6 [2016四川,64]She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean.Any smell might attract natural (enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.
由设空位置可以判断出动词attract缺宾语,因此要用名词,enemy为可数名词,结合语境可知此处应填名词复数形式,故答案为enemies。
enemies
典例7 People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is (use).
空处作表语,要用形容词;又由句意可知,题干要表达的意思是\没有知识是无用的\故填useless。 useless
方法2 无提示词类的解题方法
典例8 [2019山东济南外国语学校二模,44]Relaxation is very necessary, will enhance your awareness and ability to concentrate.
分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为relaxation,且关系词在从句中作主语,指物,故用关系代词which。
which
典例9 I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and gets there almost in a second.
分析句子结构可知,and连接两个并列分句,and后面的分句缺主语,应填名词或代词;结合前一分句的意思可知,\几乎马上到那里\的是message,替代上文出现的message用代词it。
it
典例10 [2020山东临沂期中,65]Mary Moe may look like average grandmother, but she is not.
此处修饰可数名词单数,且表示泛指,应用不定冠词,又因为average的发音以元音音素开头,故填an。 an
典例11 The old bank, appearance is not a pretty sight, is extremely beautiful on the inside.
分析句子结构可知,空处在此引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词The old bank;根据句意可知,The old bank与appearance之间为所属关系,故用whose。
whose
典例12 [2019安徽江淮十校高三第二次联考,42]However,ads are not just a tool for getting people to buy things; they also serve a window into culture, society and history.
句意:然而,广告不仅仅是一种让人们买东西的工具,也是文化、社会和历史的窗口。serve as sth.为固定搭配,表示\可用作……,起……作用\。
as
2021届新高考版高考英语一轮复习教师用书：第3部分 题型四 语篇型语法填空
