Author name et al. / Engineering 2(2016) xxx–xxx889(a)第一类(厂家原装)(b);第二类(厂家原装)(c);第三类(SVC聚类电池模块);图6. 四类电池模块在充电放电循环中六个不同测温点的温度变化。(d)第四类(k-均值聚类电池模块)。k-均值聚类算法的性能优劣主要取决于其选取的数据集,而对于SVC算法来说,一旦给定数据,其聚类分析结果只受SVC参数设置的影响。此外,由于SVC避免了高维特征空间中的显式计算,因此适用于大型数据集的处理。这意味着SVC算法可以很容易地推广应用于包含数百个电池箱的电动车辆的工业生产过程中。为了使电池制造缺陷最小化,可以提高电池的加工工艺和装配水平;另外,可以改进检测缺陷的能力。但制造过程中的缺陷不可避免。虽然本文提出的方法在前期设计阶段可能显得过于冗长,但值得注意的是,该方法的另一种应用是电池的回收。由于电池包含化学物质与重金属,电池的随意丢弃会造成环境污染和资源浪费。然而旧电池仍有不同程度的电池容量,可以在其他场合中循环再利用。未来的研究工作可以集中在对电池进行大规模测试,从而为设计更大规模的电池模块提供指导。同时还可以对概率方法[43–44]、极限学习机方法[45–46]以及基于人工智能方法[47–50]的性能进行实验验证。学数字制造装备与技术国家重点实验室开放课题 (DMETKF2024019)、广东省教育厅青年创新人才类项目(2016KQNCX053)、广东省教育厅扬帆计划项目和汕头大学科研启动基金项目(NTF16002)的资助。Compliance with ethics guidelinesWei Li, Siqi Chen, Xiongbin Peng, Mi Xiao, Liang Gao, Akhil Garg, and Nengsheng Bao declare that they have no con?ict of interest or ?nancial con?icts to disclose.References[1] Choi JW, Aurbach D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat Rev Mater 2016;1(4):16013.[2] Wen F, Lin C, Jiang JC, Wang ZG. A new evaluation method to the consistency of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. In: Proceedings of 2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference; 2012 Mar 27–29; Shanghai, China; 2012.[3] Mohanty D, Hockaday E, Li J, Hensley DK, Daniel C, Wood III DL. Effect of electrode manufacturing defects on electrochemical performance of lithiumion batteries: cognizance of the battery failure sources. J Power Sources 2016;312:70–9.[4] Hong L, Li LS, Chen-Wiegart YK, Wang JJ, Xiang K, Gan LY, et al. Twodimensional lithium diffusion behavior and probable hybrid phase transformation kinetics in olivine lithium iron phosphate. Nat Commun 2017;8(1):1194.[5] Fang KZ, Chen S, Mu DB, Wu BR, Wu F. Investigation of nickel-metal hydride battery sorting based on charging thermal behavior. J Power Sources 2013;224:120–4.[6] Shi W, Hu XS, Jin C, Jiang JC, Zhang YR, Yip T. Effects of imbalanced currents on large-format LiFePO4/graphite batteries systems connected in parallel. J Power Sources 2016;313:198–204.[7] Yang NX, Zhang XW, Shang BB, Li GJ. Unbalanced discharging and aging due 致谢本研究得到了国家自然科学基金(51675196、51721092)和华中科技大学学术前沿青年团队项目(2017QYTD04)的资助。作者感谢华中科技大890Author name et al. / Engineering 2(2016) xxx–xxxto temperature differences among the cells in a lithium-ion battery pack with parallel combination. J Power Sources 2016;306:733–41.[8] Brand MJ, Hofmann MH, Steinhardt M, Schuster SF, Jossen A. Current distribution within parallel-connected battery cells. J Power Sources 2016;334:202–12.[9] Dubarry M, Devie A, Liaw BY. Cell-balancing currents in parallel strings of a battery system. J Power Sources 2016;321:36–46.[10] Wei X, Zhu B. The research of vehicle power Li-ion battery pack balancing method. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments; 2009 Aug 16–19; Beijing, China; 2009.[11] Park SH, Park KB, Kim HS, Moon GW, Youn MJ. Single-magnetic cell-to-cell charge equalization converter with reduced number of transformer windings. IEEE Trans Power Electr 2012;27(6):2900–11.[12] Sun FC, Xiong R. A novel dual-scale cell state-of-charge estimation approach for series-connected battery pack used in electric vehicles. J Power Sources 2015;274:582–94.[13] Moore SW, Schneider PJ. A review of cell equalization methods for lithium ion and lithium polymer battery systems. SAE Technical Paper. Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.; 2001. Report No.: 2001-01-0959.[14] Pei L, Zhu CB, Wang TS, Lu RG, Chan CC. Online peak power prediction based on a parameter and state estimator for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Energy 2014;66:766–78.[15] An FQ, Huang J, Wang CY, Li Z, Zhang JB, Wang S, et al. Cell sorting for parallel lithium-ion battery systems: evaluation based on an electric circuit model. J Energy Storage 2016;6:195–203.[16] Gallardo-Lozano J, Romero-Cadaval E, Milanes-Montero MI, Guerrero- Martinez MA. Battery equalization active methods. J Power Sources 2014;246:934–49.[17] Kim J, Shin J, Chun C, Cho BH. Stable configuration of a Li-ion series battery pack based on a screening process for improved voltage/SOC balancing. IEEE Trans Power Electr 2012;27(1):411–24.[18] Kim J, Cho BH. Screening process-based modeling of the multi-cell battery string in series and parallel connections for high accuracy state-of-charge estimation. Energy 2013;57:581–99.[19] Kim CH, Kim MY, Park HS, Moon GW. A modularized two-stage charge equalizer with cell selection switches for series-connected lithium-ion battery string in an HEV. IEEE Trans Power Electr 2012;27(8):3764–74.[20] Li XY, Wang TS, Pei L, Zhu CB, Xu BL. A comparative study of sorting methods for lithium-ion batteries. In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific; 2014 Aug 31–Sep 3; Beijing, China; 2014.[21] Wang Q, Cheng XZ, Wang J. A new algorithm for a fast testing and sorting system applied to battery clustering. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power; 2017 Jun 27–29; Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy. Piscataway: IEEE; 2017. p. 397–402.[22] Enami N, Moghadam RA. Energy based clustering self organizing map protocol for extending wireless sensor networks lifetime and coverage. Can J Multimed Wirel Netw 2010;1(4):42–54.[23] Raspa P, Frinconi L, Mancini A, Cavalletti M, Longhi S, Fulimeni L, et al. Selection of lithium cells for EV battery pack using self-organizing maps. Automot Saf Energy Technol 2011;2:32–9.[24] Piao CH, Wang ZG, Cao J, Zhang W, Lu S. Lithium-ion battery cell-balancing algorithm for battery management system based on real-time outlier detection. Math Probl Eng 2015;2015:168529.[25] Ma Y, Duan P, Sun YS, Chen H. Equalization of lithium-ion battery pack based on fuzzy logic control in electric vehicle. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2024;65 (8):6762–71.[26] He F, Shen WX, Song Q, Kapoor A, Honnery D, Dayawansa D. Clustering LiFePO4 cells for battery pack based on neural network in EVs. In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific; 2014 Aug 31–Sep 3; Beijing, China; 2014.[27] Li XY, Song K, Wei G, Lu RG, Zhu CB. A novel grouping method for lithium iron phosphate batteries based on a fractional joint Kalman filter and a new modified k-means clustering algorithm. Energies 2015;8(8):7703–28.[28] Yang YX, Gao MY, He ZW, Wang CS. A robust battery grouping method based on a characteristic distribution model. Energies 2017;10(7):1035.[29] Lee KM, Chung YC, Sung CH, Kang B. Active cell balancing of Li-ion batteries using LC series resonant circuit. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2015;62(9):5491–501.[30] Shang YL, Zhang CH, Cui NX, Guerrero JM. A cell-to-cell battery equalizer with zero-current switching and zero-voltage gap based on quasi-resonant LC converter and boost converter. IEEE Trans Power Electr 2015;30(7):3731–47.[31] Lee KM, Lee SW, Choi YG, Kang B. Active balancing of Li-ion battery cells using transformer as energy carrier. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2017;64(2):1251–7.[32] Einhorn M, Roessler W, Fleig J. Improved performance of serially connected Liion batteries with active cell balancing in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 2011;60(6):2448–57.[33] Zheng YJ, Lu LG, Han XB, Li JQ, Ouyang MG. LiFePO4 battery pack capacity estimation for electric vehicles based on charging cell voltage curve transformation. J Power Sources 2013;226:33–41.[34] Zhong L, Zhang CB, He Y, Chen ZH. A method for the estimation of the battery pack state of charge based on in-pack cells uniformity analysis. Appl Energy 2014;113:558–64.[35] Zheng YJ, Ouyang MG, Lu LG, Li JQ, Han XB. Xu LF. On-line equalization for lithium-ion battery packs based on charging cell voltages: part 1. Equalization based on remaining charging capacity estimation. J Power Sources 2014;247:676–86.[36] Samadi MF, Saif M. Nonlinear model predictive control for cell balancing in Liion battery packs. In: Proceedings of 2014 American Control Conference; 2014 Jun 4-6; Portland, OR, USA. Piscataway: IEEE; 2014. p. 2924–9.[37] Xu R, Wunsch D Jr. Survey of clustering algorithms. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 2005;16(3):645–78.[38] Tzortzis G, Likas A. The MinMax k-means clustering algorithm. Pattern Recognit 2014;47(7):2505–16.[39] MacQueen J. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability; 1965 Jun 21–Jul 18, 1965 Dec 27–1966 Jan 7; Berkeley, CA, USA. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1967. p. 281–97.[40] Hung CH, Chiou HM, Yang WN. Candidate groups search for k-harmonic means data clustering. Appl Math Model 2013;37(24):10123–8.[41] Ben-Hur A, Horn D, Siegelmann HT, Vapnik V. Support vector clustering. J Mach Learn Res 2001;2(12):125–37.[42] Jun S, Park SS, Jang DS. Document clustering method using dimension reduction and support vector clustering to overcome sparseness. Expert Syst Appl 2014;41(7):3204–12.[43] Garg A, Hazra B, Zhu H, Wen YP. A simplified probabilistic analysis of water content and wilting in soil vegetated with non-crop species. Catena 2024;175:123–31.[44] Garg A, Bordoloi S, Mondal S, Ni JJ, Sreedeep S. Investigation of mechanical factor of soil reinforced with four types of fibers: an integrated experimental and extreme learning machine approach. J Nat Fibers 2024;2024:1–15.[45] Garg A, Shankhwar K, Jiang D, Vijayaraghavan V, Panda BN, Panda SS. An evolutionary framework in modelling of multi-output characteristics of the bone drilling process. Neural Comput Appl 2024;29(11):1233–41.[46] Garg A, Peng XB, Le MLP, Pareek K, Chin CMM. Design and analysis of capacity models for lithium-ion battery. Measurement 2024;120:114–20.[47] Zhou WH, Tan F, Yuen KV. Model updating and uncertainty analysis for creep behavior of soft soil. Comput Geotech 2024;100:135–43.[48] Tan F, Zhou WH, Yuen KV. Effect of loading duration on uncertainty in creep analysis of clay. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 2024;42(11):1235–54.[49] Panda B, Leite M, Biswal BB, Niu XD, Garg A. Experimental and numerical modelling of mechanical properties of 3D printed honeycomb structures. Measurement 2024;116:495–506.[50] Panda BN, Garg A, Shankhwar K. Empirical investigation of environmental characteristic of 3-D additive manufacturing process based on slice thickness and part orientation. Measurement 2016;86:293–300.
好文档 - 专业文书写作范文服务资料分享网站