专升本英语语法.虚拟语气
虚拟语气( Subjunctive Mood)
虚拟语气表示所说的话不是事实， 而是一种愿望、假设、疑惑、条件或与事实相反的情况。
e.g. I wish it were over.
If she had time today, she would come. It’s necessary that we should start at once. 虚拟语气不只是表达“假设”与“空想”，它还可以用来表达猜测、建议，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌，是一种委婉的语气。
e.g. If I had seen her yesterday, I should have spoken to her, but I did not see her. He suggested that we (should) come another day. If you kept on, you would succeed.
一、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句( If从句及主句)中的形式及其使用 1） 与现在事实相反的非真实条件状语从句
If 从 句 动词的过去式(did) 系动词用 were Would should +动词原形 could might If I had a bike, I would lend it to you. If I were you, I shouldn’t believe that. 2） 与过去事实相反的非真实条件状语从句
If 从 句 动词的过去完成式: had done 系动词用 had been Would should +have done could might 主 句 主 句 e.g. If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. If you had come earlier, you would/ might have met him. 1
专升本英语语法.虚拟语气
If he had been here last week, he would have helped you.
3）与将来事实相反的非真实条件状语从句
If 从 句 Should/Were to+动词原形 或did 系动词用were
e.g. If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out. If they made that mistake again, they would be punished Would should +动词原形 could might 主 句 If he were here, everything would be all right.
注意：主句中第一人称后多用should, 但美英中多用would. 4）虚拟语气条件句时态的交错用法：
当从句与主句的动作不是同时发生时， 这时就要分别根据各自发生的时间， 选用相对的虚拟语气。
e.g. If he had followed the doctor’s advice(表示过去), he would be quite all right now.（表现在）
If she had worked harder(表示过去), she would study at university now（表现在）.
2．省略if 后的倒装
当if从句中谓语含有were或 had, should这三个词。If可以省略，省去if 后，句子要用部分倒装，把were, had, should提前。
e.g. If I were in your place, I wouldn’t give it up so early.
Were I in your place, I wouldn’t give it up so early.
If I had known, I might have joined you in the discussion. Had I known, I might have joined you in the discussion. If you should be interested, I would lend you one someday. Should you be interested, I would lend you one someday. 2
专升本英语语法.虚拟语气
3. If 的替代语：
1）unless(=if not)“ 除非”
Our cause wouldn’t succeed, unless we had the confidence of other peoples. 2) but for+名词（词组）“如果不是”
But for his help, we wouldn’t have finished our task in such a short time.（He helped us.）
But for the storm, we would have been in time.( The storm delayed us.) 3)provided(that), on condition( that) “假若，如果，在….条件下”
You can camp in my field, provided(that)/on condition( that) you leave no mess. 4) so(as) long as “只要”
As long as you work hard, I wouldn’t mind when you’ll finish the task. You can use my pen so long as you don’t lend it to anyone else. 5) suppose/supposing “假设、假如”
Suppose I accepted this offer, what would you say? 二、 虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用：
1) 在suggest 等动词及其相应名词后的that从句中：(should)+动词原形构成。这些动词有：
a) 表“建议“suggest（suggestion）, propose(proposal), advise( advice) b) 表“要求”command, demand ，request, require( requirement),desire, urge c) 表“命令” order ，decree（下令）, stipulate（规定）(stipulation) d) 表“决心”insist（insistence）, decide( decision),determine(determination) resolve(resolution)等
美国英语当中通常省略用should I suggest that we (should) change our plan. It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone have a map. 2）It is/was+动词过去分词/形容词后的that-从句中
It is suggested/ requested/ ordered/required …that +主语+(should) + 动词原形 It is necessary/impossible/ important/ natural/ strange/ …that+主语(should) + 动词原形
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专升本英语语法.虚拟语气
(常见的这一类形容词还有：essential, vital, proper, desirable, eager, crucial, amazing, ridiculous, surprising…)
It is a shame/ a pity/ no wonder/ …that+主语(should) + 动词原形
It was natural that she (should) do so.
It was necessary that we (should) tell them our decision. It is a great pity that you (should) fail. It was a shame that she (should) accept the offer. It is suggested that we (should) refuse him. It was ordered that everyone (should) obey the rules. 3)用在wish 后的宾语从句固定用虚拟语气，因为wish表达的是难以实现的愿望， 其虚拟形式是：
与现在相反—用动词的过去式，系动词用were 与过去相反—用had + 过去分词
与将来相反—用would (或should) + 动词原形
另外,主句中wish 不管是什么时态， 都不影响其宾语从句的虚拟形式。
I wish (that) I were as young as you.
I wish (that) I hadn’t gone to exhibition yesterday. He wishes (that) you would come and visit him someday. I wished (that) he could come here now.
在”if only”(但愿，要是…就好了) 感叹句中，虚拟语气的运用与wish从句中基本相同。
If only the rain would stop! If only he didn’t drive so fast now! If only I hadn’t missed the train! 4) 在 would rather后的从句中。
与现在、将来相反—用动词的过去式，系动词用were 与过去相反—用had + 过去分词
I would rather ( that) it were winter now. I would rather Jim had gone to class yesterday.
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专升本英语语法.虚拟语气
5) 在由as if, as though 引导的比较或方式状语从句中，其虚拟形式与wish 后的宾语从句中谓语动词虚拟的形式相同。
与现在相反—用动词的过去式，系动词用were 与过去相反—用had + 过去分词
与将来相反—用would (或should) + 动词原形 e.g. She treated the orphan as if he were her own child. He looked calm as if he hadn’t told lies.
The man looks very worried as if something would happen to him.
6) 在even if 引导的让步状语从句中，其虚拟语气与if 虚拟条件句主从句相同。
e.g. Even if I were there, I shouldn’t be able to settle the problem by myself. Even if they had been with us, nothing would have achieved.
7) 在It is（about/high） time that …句型中虚拟语气的应用
It is(about/high) time that + 主语 + 动词过去式/were It is about time that he left.
It is high time that he were in bed.
8)在 lest, for fear that“以免、以防” 引起的从句当中，常用虚拟语气，谓语用should+动词原形构成，should 可以被省略。 I took my umbrella with me lest it should rain.
He put on his coat for fear that he should catch cold.
但由in case“以免、以防、万一” 引起的从句当中，通常可不用虚拟语气。 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. Exercise1: Fill in the blank with the proper form. 1. I wish my wife_____(be) here to advise me now.
2. I wish I_____ (have) your opportunities when I was young.
3. If only we____ ( have) a phone! I’m tired of queuing outside the public phone box. 4. If only he _____( not smoke) so much, he’d feel much better. 5. If only he____( know) that the disease was curable! 6. I would rather you____ (go) home now.
7. --- Would you like him to paint your door yellow ?
---- I’d rather he____(paint) it blue and without any decorations. 8. It’s time he____(make) a real effort to settle down.
9. In weightless space, one may at first feel as if one____( fall) endlessly.
10. Smith talked as if he ____(do) all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
11. It’s important that you _____ (check) it carefully before you hand it in. 12. His proposal is that we _____(put on) a play at the English evening.
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2虚拟语气
