本段介绍小说作者菲兹杰拉德写给妻子的最后一本小说。
Fitzgerald's friend, the literary and social critic Edmund Wilson — who said of Fitzgerald's death that he “felt robbed of some part of my own personality” — helped with the posthumous publication of Fitzgerald's unfinished “The Last Tycoon.” He and Perkins, together with other Fitzgerald friends and fans, worked to keep critical attention on Fitzgerald's work. Without them, “Gatsby” might have disappeared altogether from the American literary canon.
本段介绍菲兹杰拉德的朋友对他小说出版的帮助。段落中出现“双破折”，考察标点符号的阅读方式，“双破折”起解释说明、重复介绍的作用，可以省略。
It was World War II, though, that gave “The Great Gatsby” a real boost in readership. As the war came to a close, 150,000 pocket-sized “Armed Service Edition” paperbacks were sent to soldiers, men who were perhaps left dreaming of swapping their uniforms for all those monogrammed shirts, and almost certainly of Daisy. 本段介绍二战对小说出版的推动力。第一句为主题句，“a real boost”, 高频词“boost”再次出现，同义词“promote”, “thrust”, “hoist”等均为促进的含义。
How the almost-forgotten novel ended up being chosen for this distribution isn't clear. Maureen Corrigan, in her book about “Gatsby,” “So We Read On,” speculates that Nicholas Wreden, a member of the book industry's Council on Books in Wartime who also happened to be the manager of Scribner's bookstore, may have had a hand in it, a hand perhaps guided by Perkins. The cover of the soldiers' edition, in selling Gatsby as “the greatest of the ‘racketeers' in American fiction,” may have led some to open it expecting Dashiell Hammett. That idea was perpetuated by the movie tie-in edition released by Bantam a few years later; on its cover, Howard Da Silva, as the character George Wilson, points a gun at a bare-chested and very buff Alan Ladd as Gatsby — a paperback that was reprinted five times by 1954. The Bantam success influenced Scribner's reissue of the novel, first in
collected-work volumes, then in a 1957 student paperback. Sales of the latter — designed for baby boomers needing something beyond textbook excerpts to test their literary mettle — rose from 12,000 in its first year to 36,000 in 1958, 100,000 each year by 1960, and three times that before Robert Redford donned that pink Lauren suit.
多段落评讲《了不起的盖茨比》小说获得成功的原因。段落内结合部分金融知识，如“baby boomers”出自美国二战后著名的“baby boom”婴儿潮一词，大量的数字作证小说的销售进步。
Were students reading “Gatsby” because of its literary heft or because it was teachable? Likely both, but in any event the result was an explosion of scholarly analysis paralleling the growth in sales and the dawning recognition of an American classic. This week, 90 years after its publication, “The Great Gatsby” is a phenomenon, having spent 476 weeks — more than nine years in total — on one national bestseller list, and “timed out” of most of the others. Internationally
it has sold more than 25 million copies. It's impossible to say how many scholarly articles it has given rise to, but a Google search of “Gatsby” returns 34 million hits.
Happy 90th, Old Sport. And many more.
末尾总结升华，强调《了不起的盖茨比》的成功经历了时间的考验，展示出全文的“积极正面”态度，与对该小说的肯定观点。
第三篇：《贫困、犯罪、教育、贫民窟的悖论》
来源：经济学人标题：Poverty, crime and education.
The paradox of the ghetto.THE poorest people in Leicester by a wide margin are the Somalis who live in the St Matthews housing estate. Refugees from civil war, who often passed through Sweden or the Netherlands before fetching up in the English Midlands, they endure peeling surroundings and appalling joblessness. At the last census the local unemployment rate was three times the national average. But Abdikayf Farah, who runs a local charity, is oddly upbeat. Just look at the children, he says. 第一段开篇点题，介绍文章主题为穷苦的难民在英国面临的艰难处境。出现的词汇多为当下国际热门词汇，如“refugee, joblessness, civil war, unemployment”。
Close to Mr Farah's office is Taylor Road Primary School—which, it turns out, trumps almost every school in Leicester in standardized tests. Its headmaster, Chris Hassall, credits the Somali immigrants, who insist that their children turn up for extra lessons at weekends and harry him when they seem to fall behind. Education is their ticket out of poverty. Poor district, wonderful school, well-ordered children: in Britain, the combination is not as unusual as one might suppose. 第二段将话题导向教育层面，以一所小学为例，介绍难民儿童在英国的新生活，提出教育对孩童的影响。
Britain has prized the ideal of economically mixed neighbourhoods since the 19th century. Poverty and disadvantage are intensified when poor people cluster, runs the argument; conversely, the rich are unfairly helped when they are surrounded by other rich people. Social mixing ought to help the poor. It sounds self-evident—and colors planning regulations that ensure much social and affordable housing is dotted among more expensive private homes. Yet “there is absolutely no serious evidence to support this,” says Paul Cheshire, a professor of economic geography at the London School of Economics (LSE).
第三段为观点议论，不同经济水平的人比邻而居，利大于弊。对于这一观点，作者在简单介绍后，提出了质疑。“Yet”这一转折词，需引起大家的注意。
And there is new evidence to suggest it is wrong. Researchers at Duke University in America followed over 1,600 children from age five to age 12 in England and Wales. They found that poor boys living in largely well-to-do neighbourhoods were the most likely to engage in anti-social behavior, from lying and swearing to such petty misdemeanors as fighting, shoplifting and vandalism, according to a commonly used
measure of problem behavior. Misbehavior starts very young (see chart 1) and intensifies as they grow older. Poor boys in the poorest neighbourhoods were the least likely to run into trouble. For rich kids, the opposite is true: those living in poor areas are more likely to misbehave.
第四段佐证了第三段作者的质疑。“And”这一连接词的作用，表明前后观点一致。前文质疑比邻而居的好处，该段则用实际数字和案例证明，贫富相互依靠而住，有高概率引起不良行为与少年犯罪。段落中出现了如 “anti-social behavior,” “vandalism”, “misbehave”等社会、法律词汇。
The researchers suggest several reasons for this. Poorer areas are often heavily policed, deterring would-be miscreants; it may be that people in wealthy places are less likely to spot misbehavior, too. Living alongside the rich may also make the poor more keenly aware of their own deprivation, suggests Tim Newburn, a
criminologist who is also at the LSE. That, in turn, increases the feelings of alienation that are associated with anti-social conduct and criminalbehavior. 本段分析前一段结论诞生的原因。
Research on England's schools turns up a slightly different pattern. Children entitled to free school meals—a proxy for poverty—do best in schools containing very few other poor children, perhaps because teachers can give them plenty of attention. But, revealingly, poor children alsofare unusually well in schools where there are a huge number of other poor children. That may be because schools have no choice but to focus on them. Thus in Tower Hamlets, a deprived east London borough, 60% of poor pupils got five good GCSEs (the exams taken at 16) in 2013; the national average was 38%. Worst served are pupils who fall in between, attendingschools where they are insufficiently numerous to merit attention but too many to succeed alone (see chart 2).
第六段提出新观点，从英格兰学校中贫困学生的表现指出，当贫困学生有足够多关爱和照顾的时候，他们往往表现良好。“GCSE”这一词汇为高频词，指英国中学考试，多次在教育话题中出现。
Mr Cheshire reckons that America, too, provides evidence of the limited benefits of socialmixing. Look, he says, at the Moving to Opportunity program, started in the 1990s, through which some poor people received both counseling and vouchers to move to richer neighbourhoods. Others got financial help to move as they wished, but no counselling. A third group received nothing. Studies after 10-15 years suggested that the incomes and employmentprospects of those who moved to richer areas had not improved. Boys who moved showed worse behavior and were more likely to be arrested for property crime.
第七段跳出英国，从美国角度证明混合社会有局限性。
In Britain, this pattern might be partly explained by the existence of poor immigrant neighbourhoods such as St Matthews in Leicester. The people who live in such ghettos are poor in means, because they cannot speak English and lack the kind
of social networks that lead to jobs, but not poor in aspiration. They channel their ambitions through their children.
Another probable explanation lies in the way that the British government hands out money. Education funding is doled out centrally, and children in the most indigent parts tend to get the most cash. Schools in Tower Hamlets receive 7,014 ($10,610) a year for each child, for example,compared with the English average of 4,675. Secondary schools also get 935 for each poor child thanks to the “pupil premium” introduced by the coalition government. Meanwhile Teach First sends top graduates into poor schools. In America, by contrast, much school funding comes from local property taxes, so those in impoverished areas lose out.
“In Britain”, “Another”, 属并列结构，两段为并列段落，主题句皆为第一句话。 As the Duke University researchers are keen to point out, all this does not in itself prove that economically mixed neighbourhoods are a bad thing. They may be good in other ways—making politicians more moderate, for example. But the research does suggest that the benefits of such districts are far from straightforward. Patterns of social segregation reflect broadersocial inequality, argues Mr Cheshire, who has written a book about urban economics and policy. Where mixed neighborhoods flourish, house prices rise, overwhelmingly benefiting the rich. Spending more money on schools in deprived areas and dispatching the best teachers there would do more to help poor children. Assuming that a life among wealthy neighbors will improve their lot is too complacent.
最后一段反向分析，杜克大学研究者指出，上述论述并不能证明，经济混合社区必然带来害处。全文为正反论述，提出多项数据与案例进行辨析，作者的态度ambivalent，模棱两可。
第二部分question and answer的三篇文章，前两篇为美国社会问题的探讨。第一篇为美国孩童在没有父母监控下单独玩耍，美国警方未通知孩子家长的情况下，就将孩子逮捕入狱，揭示了美国警方的冷漠强硬。
第二篇介绍一名美国人意图自杀，遭到大量围观，且没有人上前制止，文章批判现代美国人缺乏同情心，为人处世过于冷漠无情的现实。
最后一篇文章为经济话题，介绍沃尔玛对员工进行涨薪这一话题，并且将沃尔玛与多年前的美国福特汽车涨薪事件进行对比，指出两家公司都没有能解决目前美国面临的宏观经济问题。2008年后美国经济迅速滑坡，失业率飙升，各大公司深陷经济危机，至今仍受到极大影响，因此经济金融的话题经久不衰。
2015年9月上海高级口译真题英译中部分解析 高级口译英译中参考译文
Often mistaken, never in doubt.” That wry phrase describes us all more than we'd like to admit. The psychological study of misconceptions shows that all of us possess many beliefs that are flawed or flat-out wrong---and also that we cling to these fallacies with remarkable tenacity. As a result, just hearing the correct explanation isn't enough. Most methods of instruction and training assume that if
you provide people with the right information, it will replace any mistaken information listeners may already possess. But especially when our previous
beliefs(even though faulty) have proved useful to us, and when they appear to be confirmed by everyday experience, we are reluctant to let them go.
“经常出错，却从不质疑”。这句俗话说的是我们都不愿承认的一件事。心理学家对人类的错误观念做了研究，结果发现，尽管人类对很多事物的认知或多或少存在缺陷，有些甚至是完全错误的，但对于这些错误，人类通常却固执己见。结果是，仅听正确概念的解释是不够的。多数指导和培训理论认为，如果给人类灌输正确的观念，这将取代他们原有的错误。但只要我们原有的观念(哪怕是错误的)对我们有帮助，尤其是那些通过日常经验所得，我们并不愿意放手。
Donna Alvermann, a language and literacy researcher at the University of Georgia, notes that in study after study, \ignored correct textual information when it conflicted with their previously held concepts. On measures of free recall and recognition, the students consistently let their incorrect prior knowledge override incoming correct information.\It's what our mothers called \one ear and out the other.\We have to actively disabuse ourselves or others of erroneous conceptions, and research from cognitive science and psychology points the way. Although much of this research concerns misguided notions of how the physical world works, the techniques it has produced can be used to correct any sort of deficient understanding.
乔治亚大学的语言和识字研究学者Donna Alvermann指出，一次次的研究调查发现，“对于正确的文字信息，学生通常视而不见，因为这些信息和他们原有的观点有冲突。记忆和认知调查显示，学生始终如一地坚持原有的观点”。这就是妈妈们经常唠叨的“一个耳朵进一个耳朵出”。很多研究人类认知科学的心理调查证实了一个观点，即我们不得不经常去说服自己和他人的错误观点。该项目研究的是人类对物质世界的认知错误，而作为研究产物的一些方法可被用来如何纠正人类的认知方面的错误。
2015年9月上海高级口译真题中译英部分真题 中文是世界上最古老的文字之一。传说中的仓颉造字让中国人有了共同的根。从甲骨文到简体汉字，中文伴随着中华民族绵延至今。中文铸造类中华民族的精神品格。比如说，中文书写各笔每画都要伸缩有度，相互映衬，取长补短，以使整个字浑然一体。这体现了中国人谦让包容、合作共赢的处事风格。
中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意丰富。中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”组成，意思就是“人要言而有信”。这是中国人的做人原则，也是中国与世界各国的相处之道。中文的优美、简练举世公认。中文是从象形字演变而来，逐步发展成一种可以欣赏的书写艺术。这是世界上是独特的。
Chinese language is one of the most time-honored languages in the world. Legend has it that CangJie created the Chinese characters, which formed the common root for Chinese people. Chinese, from the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells in the earliest times to the simplified characters in the present, has been the thread along the progress of Chinese nation. It has forged the common spirit of the Chinese nation. For example, Chinese calligraphy requires every stroke to be flexible and
2015年9月上海高级口译真题解析
