2015年9月上海高级口译真题听力部分解析 I. Note-taking Gap filling (NTGF)
从听力的音带文字来看，这次考试的NTGF话题不难，脉络清晰，但词汇难度较大，因此做笔记应该按照“纲目条”的技巧来记录。文章一开始就提出了主题，即对妇女而言，家务活是一种被迫接受的工作(imposed occupation)， 而社会对这份“工作”也有不同的两种观点， 演讲者对两种观点分别做阐述，值得一提的是，这种“两分法”(dichotomy)也是NTGF部分常见思路，考生需要注意。
演讲者首先提出了做全职主妇的负面看法。 很多女性并不是心甘情愿的(not congenial)做“家庭主妇”的，这是一份“奴仆的工作”menial labor, 但是妇女的工作非常重要，因为对于任何社会来讲，男人承担了很多重要的工作，比如造船、伐木和军队，他们在家需要妇女来提供服务，否则社会无法正常运作，但是这些工作没有酬劳、没有晋升的机会，一眼望得到头(dead-endjob, no chance of promotion, no detailed nature)，而这些工作因为没有“详细的工作描述”(detailedjob description), 工作不需要与他人竞争, 妇女感觉自己的能力退化了，被社会边缘化了,人生也就觉得没有成就感
(deteriorating,alienating, inadequate) 而因为我们的社会被分成了很多不同的单元(Our society is organized in units)， 因此，妇女感觉到了“孤独”(isolation),而这份孤独感对人有负面心理作用(negative psychological effects)。
而对于这份工作的正面看法是，在西方社会，这份工作也并不是那么单调沉闷(full of drudgery) 、也并非让人感觉是“奴仆的工作”，难度也不高，如果从home-builder这个角度看，这份工作也能有成就感。全职主妇的工作没有压力，可以比较自由地安排工作时间，而她们得工作为社会提供实际效益(tangible benefits), 因此她们的工作让家庭成员和社会受益匪浅。
II. ListeningTranslation: 句子听译部分文字及参考翻译
1. Americanswatch television almost every night and attend movies regularly. So naturallyTV shows and latest movies become topics of discussions.Reading
magazines such as Time and Newsweek will also keep you up to date on what is popular in America.
美国人几乎每天晚上看电视，并且经常看电影。 因此，电视节目和最新的电影就成为了热门话题。阅读包括《时代》和《新闻周刊》在内的杂志也能更新美国最新时尚潮流。 2.What are the similarities, if any, between great sales reps and great leaders? They both have solid listening skills and a very positive attitude. In addition, they never give up and get pass mistakes.
优秀销售和领导的共同之处是什么?他们都具备良好的听力技能和积极的态度。此外，他们从不放弃，从不放过错误。
3. In the late 20th century, people who were concerned with the protection of our environment launched a new form of traveling, namely the ecology-based tourism. Eco-tourism is responsible travel in natural and usually protected area.在20世纪末，关心生活环境的人们发起了一种新型的旅游形式，也就是基于生态的旅游。生态旅游是指在自然以及通常被保护的区域进行负责任的旅游。
4. The universe has no limits. So far, we have probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of that fraction, even at 186300 miles per second, which is the speed of light, will take 6000 million years.
宇宙广无边际。至今为止我们只探索到了它很小的一部分。然而要去到我们已探索到的边缘，即使以每秒186300英里的光速行驶，也需要60亿年的时间。 5. At this remarkable moment in history, the global economy is giving more of our own people and billions around the world the chance to work and live and raise their families with dignity. 在这个特殊的历史时刻，全球经济正为越来越多的国民和几十亿世界人民提供机会，让他们能够有尊严地工作，生活，养家糊口。
Passage1
Inmany western societies, including the United States, a person who does notmaintain good eye contact is regarded as being slightly suspicious. Americans unconsciously associate people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly, insecure,untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal. However, In contrast, Japanese children are taught in schools to direct their gaze at the region of their teachers’ neck or tie-knot. And as adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior, which is a gesture of respect. Latin American cultures, as well as some African cultures,have longer looking time. But prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status is considered disrespectful.
在包括美国在内的很多西方国家，避免与人直视会被认为有些可疑。在潜意识中，美国人认为那些避免直视的人不友好、缺乏安全感、不值得信赖、不专心及不近人情。 然而，相比之下，日本的孩子从小在学校接受的教育是要求他们将视线落在老师的颈部或领结的位置。 因此，当与上级交流的时候，日本人会把目光降低一些，以示礼貌。在一些拉丁美洲和非洲国家，人们注视的时间会稍长些。但，社会底层人士如果长时间的注视则被认为不敬。 Passage2
In the United States today, many college graduates claim bankruptcy sothat they can avoid repaying money they borrowed from the federal government to finance their education. In fact, more than 300,000 student borrowers now owe the government over 500 million dollars. Statistics show that students are not good risks, whereas the student default rate now stands at over 12%. Banks report that student loan
deliquency seldom exceeds 3%. Apparently the lack of money is not the only reason for nonpayment. A US government department found that 300 of its employees, some currently earning up to 63,000 dollars, have defaulted on student loans. 如今在美国，很多大学毕业生申请破产，这样他们就不再需要偿还联邦政府的助学贷款。实际上，超过30万学生借款人现在欠美国政府超过5亿美元的贷款。数据显示，学生贷款人是很有风险的，不偿还率现在已经超过12%。银行报告显示，非学生贷款的的不偿还率是很少超过3%的。很明显，缺钱并不是不偿还贷款的唯一原因。一个美国政府部分发现，它有300名员工依然拖欠学生贷款，而其中一些人现在的收入已经超过6万美元。
2015年9月上海高级口译真题阅读部分解析 第一篇：医疗检查
I spent the usual long afternoon at work doing little but ordering tests, far more than I honestly thought any patient needed, but that’s what we do these days. Guidelines mandate tests, and patients expect them; abnormal tests mean medication, and medication means more tests. My tally for the day: five hours, 14 reasonably healthy patients, 299 separate tests of body function or blood composition, three scans and a handful of referrals to specialists for yet more tests.本文作者是一名医生，开篇即陈述了一个医疗行业的问题：医生开太多检查了，而且是Guideline(医疗指南)要求的，病人所期望的。
Teachers complain that primary education threatens to become a process of teaching to the test. They wince as the content of standardized tests increasingly drives their lesson plans, and the results of these tests define their
accomplishments. We share their pain: Doctoring to the tests is every bit as dispiriting.
本段讲述了老师们遇到的类似问题，进行了一个类比：在教育行业，标准测试也变的越来越重要。两种情况都非常dispiriting(使人气馁)。
Some medical tests, like blood pressure checks, are cheap and simple. Some are pricier and more complicated, like mammograms or assays for various molecules in the blood that correlate with various diseases. We order them all at prescribed intervals, and if we happen to forget one, either by accident or design, electronic medical records nag us mercilessly until we capitulate. As in education, our test-ordering behavior and our patients’ results increasingly define our
achievements, and in the near future our remuneration is likely to follow. Still, like all test-based quality control systems, ours can be gamed. Our tests can also inflict unnecessary psychic damage, and occasional physical damage as well. Most distressing: Ordering tests, chasing down and interpreting results, and dealing with the endless cycle of repeat testing to confirm and clarify problems absorb pretty much all our time.
本段进一步说明大量检查给医生带来压力：它作为评价医疗质量的标准，今后还可能与remuneration(薪酬)挂钩。不过检查可能给患者带来损伤，同时也耗费很多时间。 It is all in the name of good and equitable health care, a laudable goal. But if you reach age 50 and I cannot persuade you to undergo the colonoscopy or mammogram you really don’t want, am I a bad doctor? If you reach age 85 and I persuade you to take enough medication to normalize your blood pressure, am I a good one?本段讨论：究竟什么样的医生才是好医生呢?
I am not the only one who wonders. A cadre of test skeptics at Dartmouth Medical School specialize in critically examining our test-based approach to well adult care. If you are confused about mammography, colonoscopy or the PSA test for prostate cancer, these folks deserve much of the blame: They have repeatedly demonstrated that these tests and many others do not necessarily make healthy people any healthier, any more than standardized testing in grade school improves a child’s intellect. Dr. H. Gilbert Welch, a Vermont physician who is part of the Dartmouth group, has
a new book that might serve as the test skeptic’s manifesto and bible. Its title, “Less Medicine, More Health,” sums up his trenchant, point-by-point critique of test-based health care and quality control.
有研究表明，利用开检查的数量来进行医疗质控是行不通的，算照指南做这些检查并不能使人们更加健康。
In medicine, “true quality is extremely hard to measure,” Dr. Welch writes. “What is easy to measure is whether doctors do things.” Only doing things like ordering tests generates data. Deciding not to do things and let well enough alone generates nothing tangible, no numbers or dollar amounts to measure or track over time. Dr. Welch points out that doctors get to become doctors because they are good with tests, and know instinctively how to behave in a test-focused universe. Rate them by how many tests they order, and they will order in profusion, often more than the guidelines suggest. They will do fine on assessments of their quality, but patients may not do so well. Even perfectly safe tests that are incapable of doing their own damage may, given enough weight, trigger catastrophe.
本段Dr. Welch进一步阐明，开许多检查是为了有效地保障医疗质量，但实际上这样做会使病人们过度检查，甚至造成伤害。
Yes, little blood pressure cuff over there in the corner, that means you. The link between very high blood pressure and disease is incontrovertible, and the drugs used to control blood pressure are among the cheapest and safest around. Even so, as Dr. Welch pointed out in a recent conversation, systems that rate doctors by how well their patients’ blood pressure is managed are likely to invite trouble. Doctors rewarded for treating aggressively are likely to keep doing so even when the benefits begin to morph into harm. That appears to happen in older adults, at least in those who avoid the common complications of high blood pressure and continue on medication. One study found that nursing home residents taking two or more effective blood pressure drugs did remarkably badly, withdeath rates more than twice that of their peers. In another, dementia patients taking blood pressure medication with optimal results nonetheless deteriorated mentally considerably faster.
其他的医疗质控方法，比如检测血压并且使用药物进行调控也不很有效。研究显示血压控制得好的老年人反而死亡率更高
Yet no quality control system that I know of gives a doctor an approving pat on the head for taking a fragile older patient off meds. Not yet, at least. Someday, perhaps, not ordering and not prescribing will mark quality care as surely as ordering and prescribing do today. Children go to school to learn. Adults go to the doctor ? why? If they are sick, to get better, certainly. But for the average healthy, happy adult, let’s be honest: We really haven’t completely figured out why you are in the waiting room. And so we offer a luxuriant profusion of tests. 本文的结论是，目前并没有有效的医疗质控手段。而且很多时候，病人来医院除了接受检查也没什么可做的。
2015年9月上海高级口译真题阅读部分解析 第二篇：Los Angeles Times
标题：Gatsby, literature’s party animal, turns 90 (文学)
I was in high school when I first fell for Gatsby, who turns 90 today — an “old sport” by any measure. He was 50 even then, but he appeared to me as Robert Redford in a pink Ralph Lauren suit and those “shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel” that set Daisy sobbing in Chapter 5. How could a freckle-faced, Catholic-raised virgin resist that kind of bad boy: rich and handsome, with the best party house in town, even if he never did mingle?
本文涉及英美文学内容，开篇第一句提及“盖茨比”。第一段采取“故事开篇”结构，从作者青少年时期的感受做切入点，简要回顾盖茨比的故事情节。考生需对“盖茨比”、“黛西”等《了不起的盖茨比》信息有简单的了解。
Gatsby seems the kind of guy who would always have been popular. But the truth is more complicated. “The Great Gatsby” was published on April 10, 1925. Max Perkins, F. Scott Fitzgerald's editor, thought it a masterpiece. The then-29-year-old Fitzgerald wrote of the novel before it was published, “It represents about a year's work and I think it's about ten years better than anything I've done.” 第二段深入介绍小说与作者信息，作为背景知识补充，可快速阅读。
And it did receive some praise in its early days, for sure. The New York Times called it “a curious book, a mystical, glamorous story of today.” But others weren't enamored. The New York World ran a review under the headline “F. Scott Fitzgerald's Latest a Dud” (ouch!), and Perkins wrote at the time that so many people attacked him over the book that he felt “bruised.”
第三段展示媒体对小说的评论。注意文中“But”一词，转折词“but, yet, still, however, nevertheless”的出现意味着文意的转变。“And”句是对小说的赞赏，“But”句提出反面观点，认为小说乏善可陈，受到广泛攻击。
Sales were lackluster too. The first printing of Fitzgerald's debut novel, “This Side of Paradise,” had sold out in days, and Charles Scribner's Sons went back to press 11 more times in two years to sell almost 50,000 copies. Fitzgerald's follow-up, “The Beautiful and the Damned,” also sold well enough to put 50,000 copies into print. But the 20,000-copy first run of “The Great Gatsby” was followed by a mere 3,000 second print run, and no third. “Gatsby” was never out of print in the years before Fitzgerald died — at age 44, 15 years after its publication — only because Scribner's still had unsold copies from those first two printings.
第四段关注小说销售业绩。第一句中的“too”是个提示词，表示该段的观点与上一段相仿。“debut”首秀, “press”出版社, “first run”第一版等专业术语可做了解。 In fall 1940, Fitzgerald, writing to his wife, Zelda, of a new novel he was working on, lamented, “I don't suppose anyone will be much interested in what I have to say this time and it may be the last novel I'll ever write.” The last Scribner's royalty check before he died that December was for $13.13.
2015年9月上海高级口译真题解析
