高考英语阅读理解猜测词义类的解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解猜测词义类的解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解中的猜测词义类题可以分为两种类型，一种是推测某个生词的具体含义，是生词含义题；另一种是推测某个代词或词组在文中的指代意义，是代词指称题。这两种情况在解题方法上还是有一定的相似性和规律性的。下面是我们遇到猜测词义题时一般的解题步骤。

对于考察某个单词或短语或句子实际含义的题，首先要着眼单词或短语本身，分析单词或短语的构成，分析其构词法，词根词缀，派生关系等信息，推测它的大概含义。对于猜测句子的含义，有时可以直接分析句子结构推测它的意义。

有些单词我们虽然不认识它的具体含义，但是他们往往含有一些表示具体意义的词缀，特别是前缀能够帮助我们猜测这个词的一部分含义，而后缀通常能够帮助我们理解词的派生关系。高考英语中常见的前缀总结如下：

前缀 含义 例子 anti- 反对，排斥 anti-war ex- 之前的 ex-wife, ex-president ex- 外面的 external, export mis- 差的，坏的 misunderstand, mislead over- 太多，过于 oversleep, overeat re- 重复，回复 repeat, return, rewrite under- 不足，不够 underestimate, undercooked sub- 下面的 subway in-,un-,dis- 不，没有 incorrect, disagree, unlike 根据构词法

阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。

1. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved. 分析：anti-poison是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗 ”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。

2. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.

分析：simplified跟simple是同根词，带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢？不难想到是“简化的”汉字。

利用上下文语境线索

任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如：

1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”

The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______. A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin

分析：本题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。

2. In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.

Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit people’s imagination.

分析：本题正确答案为B。 从短文中对Fermat’s Last Theorem一书的介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。

3. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.

42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______. A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero

分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选B。 利用定义和解释性线索

阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释方明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如：

1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory. 分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。

2. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.

分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。

3. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin (青霉素)from it in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs.

分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。 4. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.

分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科。

5. －Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.

分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。 利用因果关系

因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。 1. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.

jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.

What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence? Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person. A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.

分析：本题正确答案为D。从后面的原因for I am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。

2. The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted. 分析：melted “溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。

3. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn. 分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。 利用对比线索

有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息词。

1. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.

分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。But引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。

2. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous. 分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。 利用同义线索和同等关系

同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。

1. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.

分析：从后面的同谓语an endangered wild cat可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫。 2. mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved. 分析：句中mansion应和church, battle site, theatre and other public halls 的词义同属“建筑物或场所”这一范畴，大厦。

3. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar. 分析：句中vulgar应和silly 意义相近，“粗俗的，庸俗的”。 利用例证性线索

某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。Such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。

1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.

分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。

2. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.

分析：通过例举Mr. Simpson一人通晓五国语言，说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言”。 注意熟词生义

英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。