2020年高考英语语法必考考点(11)
定语从句含解析
【考点解读】
定语从句是英语学习的一个重要语法项目,也是历年高考在具体的语境中考查考生灵活运用知识能力的一个重点。为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目,本文结合近几年的高考试题,分析、探究定语性从句的考查,对其考查归纳为以下七个考点。
考点一 考查关系代词引导的定语从句
1. A person ________ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. (天津卷)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever 【答案】C。
【解析】在所给的四个关系代词中,只有whose能用于名词用作定语,故选C。又如:A bookseller is a person whose job is selling books. 书商就是其职业是卖书的人。
2. Many children, ________ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (安徽卷)
A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom 【答案】B。
【解析】their是物主代词,不是关系代词,不能引导定语从句,所以不能选;在其余三个选 项中,只有whose能用于名词用作定语,故选B。句意为:许多孩子的父母外出到大城市打工去了,他们在 家乡被照顾得很好。
3. My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him. (全国Ⅱ) A. which B. that C. where D. it 【答案】A。
【解析】由于两个句子之间没有并列连词,所以不能选B或D;而where是关系副词,不能用作 主语;which在此引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中用作主语。又如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。
4. Whenever I met her, ________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (山东卷)
A. who B. which C. when D. that 【答案】B。
【解析】that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句,故可排除;when是关系副词,不用作主语,故 也可排除;who用于指人,但这里的定语从句不是修饰her,而是修饰whenever I met her,故不能用who, 此处应用which。又如:He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他从 没见到过她,这是不真实的。
考点二 查关系副词引导的定语从句
1. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ________ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now. (上海卷)
A. where B. when C. there D. which 【答案】A。
【解析】由于定语从句he composed “The Magic Flute”的主语和宾语是完整的 ,所以不能选D;when指时间,不用于修饰表地点的先行词the house,故也不能选;而there不是关系词, 不能引导定语从句。
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2. It’s helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently. (福建卷)
A. that B. when C. which D. where 【答案】D。
【解析】由于定语从句they can see themselves differently的主语和宾语是完整的,所以不能选A和C;when指时间,不用于修饰表地点的先行词a situation,故也不能选。
3. Life is like a long race ________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. (重庆卷) A. why B. what C. that D. where 【答案】D。
【解析】由于定语从句we compete with others to go beyond ourselves的句子结构是完整 的,不缺主语或宾语,所以不能选C; why引导定语从句,其先行词只能是the reason,而不用于其他场合 ,故不能选;what不是关系词,不能用于引导定语从句,故也可排除;where在此引导定语从句,修饰名词 race,相当于in which。句意为:人生就像一场长途赛跑,在赛跑中我们为了超越自我而与别人竞争。
4. She’ll never forget her stay there, ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (四川卷)
A. that B. which C. where D. when 【答案】D。
【解析】that不用于引导非限制性定语从句,故被排除;which引导定语从句必须在定语从句 中充当主语或宾语,与本题的句子结构不符,故也被排除;where引导定语从句时,其前先行词只能是表示 地点的名词,而本题的先行词her stay there(她待在那儿期间)不是表地点,而是表时间,故C也可排除; 关系副词when在此引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词her stay。句意为:她永远不会忘记她待在那儿的 那段时间,在此其间她找到了她两年前失踪的孩子。
5. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone ________ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (江苏卷)
A. if B. when C. which D. since 【答案】B。
【解析】when在此用于引导定语从句,修饰名词days。此题的难点是先行词days与关系副词 when之间被are gone,容易误解句子结构。句意为:由于金融危机,当地五星级宾馆每晚收费6,000元的 日子已经过去了。
考点三 考查“介词+关系代词”结构 当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现\介词+关系代词\。先行词指物,用\介词+which\ 指人则用\介词+whom\ 且两个关系代词均不能省略,介词的选择要遵循两个原则:
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。 2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。
The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (江西卷)
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 【答案】B。
【解析】这道题的本质是考查定语从句的用法,但其命题的角度比较特别,它既不考查先行词,也不考查关系代词或关系副词,而是结合介词的搭配考查关系代词的省略。句中定
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语从句I grew up 用于修饰名词the house,由于其前没有“引导词”,所以可认为被省略了。而根据英语语法 ,可以省略的定语从句“引导词”只可能是用作宾语的关系代词that或which,这样一来,就 必须要求空格处填一个能带宾语的词,显然只有介词in。
考点四 考查that引导的定语从句
正确区分关系代词that引出的定语从句功能强,除不能作定语(用whose)外,其它几个功能都可用that。但命题角度主要以that与which指物时的区别为重点进行命制。
考点五 考查是关系代词关系副词的选择
正确区分关系代词(that或which)与关系副词when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因)。
解题时要注意题干的内容和句子的结构,(进行必要的语法分析,弄清句子结构。)再行答题。
重点根据定语从句中所缺成分,即关系词在定语从句中作状语时,使用关系副词when (on which); where(in which); why(for which); 在定语从句中作作主语、宾语或表语时,使用that或which。)来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,绝不能因先行词是时间名词就用when,是地点名词就用where,是reason就用why来确定。 因此,认准先行词只是选择关系词的一个方面,更重要的是看其在后面定语从句中充当什么句子成分。
考点六 考查as,which引导的定语从句
关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such,the same等修饰的先行词;
as引导非限制性定语从句时,可放于句首,句中或置于句尾,而which则只能置于主句之后。 但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义,使用which。 As引导的定性定语从句有\正如\之意,而which引导的没有。
考点七 考查不重复先行词
定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分,故不能再用相关的代词或副词。
小结:
1. 定语从句可从形式上,内容上和语法上来出题。
形式上:比如As is reported之类的识记则可,在做题过程中,积累。 内容上:则要理解大意,翻译成中文意思则会做。 语法上:主要在关系代词和关系副词的判断上。
2. 关系代词(that或which) ,关系副词when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因) 区别:作主语、宾语或表语时,用关系代词 作状语则用关系副词。
【真题分析】 一、单项选择
1. (2018?江苏卷) Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
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【答案】B
2. (2018?北京卷) She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which B. who C. as D. that 【答案】A
【解析】关系代词引导定语从句的用法,非限制性定语从句。句意:她和家人骑车去上班,这帮助他们保持健康。这是一个非限制性定语从句,空格处指代前面整个句子,所以用which引导非限制性定语从句,而且which在从句中作主语。who指人;that不引导定语从句;as通常翻译成“正如;就像”,所以此处可以排除,故答案为A。
3. (2018?天津卷) Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her 【答案】C
【解析】非限制性定语从句。句意:凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候,我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子,句中先行词为Kate,在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语,故用关系代词whose。故选C。
4. (2017·北京卷) The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when 【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。A. that那个,B. as因为,C. where哪里, D. when什么时候。句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是problems,用that。
5. (2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom 【答案】C
6. (2017·天津卷) My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who 【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:我的最大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作让他周游全世界。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是 my eldest son,根据句意和空后名词,确定引导词倣定语,在定语从句中只有引导词 whose修饰名词做定语,意为“……的”。故选B。 7. (2016·北京卷) I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A. whose B. why C. where D. which
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【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。a couple是先行词,这对夫妻的孩子很吵,children和couple是所属关系,故用whose作定语,whose children相当于the children of whom,故选A。
8. (2016·江苏卷) Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those 【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是 Many young people,关系代词whom指代先行词,在定语从句中作为介词of的宾语。句意:很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求他们的梦想,其中大部分人都是受过良好教育。故C正确。
9. (2016·浙江卷) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.
A. whom B. which C. what D. that 【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个
被证明了。使用定语从句,先行词是 theories,指物,定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词 which引导。故选B
10. (2016·天津卷) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when 【答案】D
二、单句填空
1. (2018·新课标I卷) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。 空处为关系代词作定语从句的主语,先行词为a study, published in 2014是过去分词短语作a study的定语,定语从句没有紧跟在先行词后,属于定语从句的隔离现象。故答案为that/which。
2. (2018·新课标II卷) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系词的选择。此处指代先行词a soil-testing program,并且在从句中作主语,故答案为that或which。
3. (2018·浙江卷) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 【答案】who/that
【解析】此处考查定语从句,先行词westerners指人,关系代词在从句中做主语,用who或者that,故答案为who/that。
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