—No, thanks.
在回答Shall we?问句时，应该说Yes, let’s或No, I don’t think we shall. —Shall we go to the party together?
—Yes, let’s.
—Let’s go swimming, shall we?
—No, I don’t think we shall.
4）表示将来情况的其它结构：be going to / be about to / be to+动词原形。 He is going to visit his old friend this afternoon.（表示最近的安排） I feel dizzy. I think I’m going to faint.（表预见，现在有迹象即将发生） It’s going to rain.（不受主观意志控制的将来动作） We are about to start.（表示立即就要发生的事）
The President is to speak on television tonight.（表较重要的、已经安排好的事，常见报纸、广播，用于宣布计划、决定）
You are not to leave. You are to stay here till we return.（表示要求做的事，表示命令、禁止或可能性）
（二）．进行时
进行时表示动作在一个时段中处于进行之中，因此具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。根据时间概念，进行时分为现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时四种。
1． 现在进行时（The Present Progressive Tense）
现在进行时由助动词be的现在时形式am/ is/ are + V-ing构成，主要用法有： 1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的事情，常有now, at this moment等时间状语。 He is watching TV at this moment.
The doorbell is ringing, would you answer it, please?
注：（1）表示状态和感觉的动词一般不用进行时，特别是love, hate, like, know, belong to等；如果用进行时，通常表示某种感情色彩或者突出动作的临时性和生动性。 While he talked I was liking him more and more.（表示感情发展过程） I was hating you all the time.（表示强烈的厌恶之情） Are you belonging to the college?（突出现在情况） How are you feeling today?（表生动亲切）
We are having a cold rain these days. （表示临时性）
（2）be一般不用进行时；若用，则表示不同于一般情况下的特殊特征并带有说话人的某种感情色彩。
He was always being angry about nothing. （带有批评色彩，他老是无端发怒。）
He was only being kind for this moment. 和蔼。）
Jenny is being a good girl today.
（仅指今天的行为很好。） （他在此刻显得和蔼，也许他从来不
2) 表示现阶段处于进行之中的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 Tom is studying medicine while his sister is doing ecology. He is working on a thesis these days. Professor Wang is translating a book now.
3) 表示某种带有说话人感情色彩的现阶段经常发生的事情，一般与always, continually, constantly forever等频度状语连用。 My boss is continuously finding fault with me.
Mary is constantly complaining that she is not properly paid. She is always making the same mistake.
4) 表示计划安排中即将发生的动作，动词一般为 go, come, leave, start, arrive 等。
—Are you doing anything special this afternoon?
—Yes, I’m playing tennis with Jerry.
They are spending their holiday in mountains this summer. He is leaving Paris in a few weeks. 5) 表示离现在较近的过去，即刚刚过去的动作。 I don’t know what you are talking about. Believe me, every word I’m telling you is true. 6) 表示委婉语气。 I’m wondering whether you would mind helping me. . I’m hoping that you will offer me another opportunity. I am expecting you to telephone me.
2. 过去进行时（The Past Progressive Tense）
过去进行时由助动词be的过去时形式was/ were + V-ing构成方式，主要用法有： 1) 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去时间段的状语连用。 I was talking on the phone when John came in.
He was having a bath when the room was on fire last night.
2) 表示过去某时打算要做或者预计要发生的事，通常用于come, go, leave等动词。 He said he was coming to dinner this evening. He told me that he was leaving soon.
She said she was going to south after graduation. 4) 表达某种感情色彩。 He was constantly changing his mind. He was forever wearing a white T-shirt. The old lady was always talking of her past. 5) 表示比用现在进行时更委婉的语气。 I was hoping that you could reconsider my suggestion.
I was thinking that you could follow up a letter right after the interview. 3. 将来进行时（The Future Progressive Tense）
将来进行时由助动词will/shall + be + V-ing构成，主要用法有： 1) 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作，常与表将来的时间状语连用。
At the moment she is listening to Beethoven. At this time on Wednesday morning she will be listening to Mozart
Next Monday we’ll be taking our holiday in Hawaii. 2) 表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事。 I’ll be meeting you tomorrow evening. He won’t be coming to the party.
3) 在口语中，将来进行时有时可与现在进行时或一般将来时互换。 When are they coming? / When will they be coming?
Will you please bring the table in here? （请把桌子搬到这里好吗？） Will you be bringing the table in here? 4) 表示委婉、客气的语气。
Will you be having something more? You will be working here next week.
（三）．完成时（重要考点）
完成时主要表示某一已经发生的动作或存在的状态与某一时间之间的关系，时间上的或已发生动作或状态所产生的影响。完成时分为：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时。
（你准备把桌子搬到这里来吗？）
1. 现在完成时（The Present Perfect Tense） 现在完成时由have / has + V-ed构成，主要用法有：
1) 已完成，即表示动作或状态已经发生或存在并已结束但对现在产生了影响，常和just, already, yet, recently, before, this week, today, this year, always, so far, up to now等时间状语连用。
I have already read the novel at least three times. Have you been to Italy recently? Have you informed him of the result yet?
2) 未完成，即表示动作或状态从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，或刚刚结束，或进行之中并可能继续下去，常和for, since引导的状语或与 how long连用。
He has lived in the village all his life. He has taught me since I entered the college. He has never met her since she moved to another city. 3) 现在完成时在从句中表示将来。
When you have rested, I’ll show you around the campus. I will wait until you have finished the paper.
4) 现在完成时在口语中带有感情色彩，如“have been/gone and + V-ed”。 See what you have been and done.（看你干的事。）
You have gone and broken my window.（你把我的窗子打碎了。） What have you done!（你干了些什么！） 2. 过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）
过去完成时由had + v-ed构成，与现在完成时用法相似，只是表示的时间是过去某时之前的行为或状态。主要用法有：
1) 已完成
The movie had already started when we got the theatre. I had read half of the book before 12 o’clock. 2）未完成
She said she had made great progress since she came here. He had worked for three hours when I called him.
3) 表示未实现的愿望或想法，常用hope, intend, mean, think等动词表达。 I had hoped that I would be able to pass the exam this time, but I failed again.
I had meant to tell you the truth.
4) 用于“It was the first/ second/third time (that)”结构中。 It was the first time that I had made such mistake. It was the second time he had visited the city. 3. 将来完成时（The Future Perfect Tense）
将来完成时由will/shall + have + V-ed构成，主要用法有： 1) 表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作。
By the end of the year she will have worked for the company for ten years. By this winter, we will have lived here for five years. 2) 将来完成时可和时间或条件状语从句连用。
When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do. If you come before noon, I will not have finished book. The train will have left when we get to the station. 3) 用于 “be to +V-ed” 结构中表示本来打算做某事，但没有做成。 We were to have met in the park, but he didn’t turn up.
They were to have gone abroad that year, but then the war broke out. 二．语态
（一） 语态的含义和种类
1) 语态（voice）是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）两种形式。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。被动语态常用by介词短语来说明动作的执行者。不及物动词不能跟宾语，因而没有被动语态。如：
The children ate the cookies.孩子们吃了饼干。
The cookies were eaten by the children.饼干被孩子们吃了。
2) 被动语态一般由助动词be (根据时间的不同而有不同形式) 加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态。
3）被动语态除be加及物动词的过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用于口语中，强调动作的结果而非动作本身，常用于表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件，一般不接by短语。如：
Henry got hurt when climbing the mountain. 亨利登山时受伤了。 Five people got killed in the explosion. 五个人在这次爆炸中死亡。
2017年江苏省专转本基础班英语教材
