【例2.】The competition from experienced staff members, some of whom are higher in rank, _________ to my disadvantages.
A. works B. working C. work D. worked
【例3.】 It is only in the most difficult circumstances _______ a man’s abilities are fully tested.
A. when B. that C. where D. so that
【例4】The discovery of new evidence led to _______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
语法在近年的单选题中直接考查所占比例逐渐降低，但语法绝对不是不重要。近年来各种英语考试中的语法考查都强调在运用中考查考生的语法能力——这是一种间接考查语法的形式。语法考查的最高境界中是在阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、写作中等间接考到，不知不觉中考查你的语法能力。这种考查难度更大，因此，从某种意义上来说，语法考查现在变得更难了。
语法涉及到理论的分析，因此必须首先要在老师讲解的基础上，很好地理解语法知识
点，首先要听懂、理解透；但还需要适量地练习，只有在训练中、在犯错误不断纠正的过程中，才能深刻地、熟悉地掌握语法知识点。语法的学习，不能简单、机械地认为背掉就行，当然有些知识点（比如，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式）需要识记，但语法的学习主要靠理解而不是靠记忆。
2.句型结构
掌握不同的句型结构，有助于正确理解其所表达的功能和意念。如：“No sooner ... than ...”， 如果我们了解这个结构，就知道它所表示的时间前后关系了。再比如：
1）Despite such alarming numbers, the federal and state governments have always been slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS.
2）强调句型
It is not who rules us that is important，but how he rules us. 3）复杂的宾语结构
In recent years, the development of sensitive and accurate measuring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies.
3.词组结构
The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resource away from the Utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time job.
switch sth from?to 这样的一个复杂的词组结构，掌握了这样一个结构这个句子就很容易理解了。
三．词汇与结构之于英语综合能力 （一）词汇与结构之于阅读理解
【例1】Each for its own reason, the study of residential mobility has been a concern of three disciplines: sociology, economics, and geography. For the economist, residential shifts provide a means for studying the housing and land markets. Geographers study mobility to understand the spatial distributions of population types. For the sociologist, interest in residential mobility has two sources: one stemming from the study of human ecology and the other, from a concern with the peculiar qualities of urban life. Of course, there are clearly overlapping concerns and it is often difficult to discern the disciplinary origins of a researcher by only examining the kinds of questions he or she raises about mobility although it is usually easier to identify a researcher’s discipline by noting the methods used and the concepts employed.
1. Geographers who study mobility are most likely to be interested in _______.
A. the fact that people of different racial groups reside in different places B. what types of people move frequently and why they keep changing their
places.
C. why people of one type prefer to isolate themselves from those of another
type
D. peculiar characteristics of people from different countries in choosing
living places
2. Examining the kinds of questions a researcher raised about mobility is _______.
A. the only way to discern the discipline he or she applies B. not an ideal way to identify his or her disciplinary origins C. easier than noting the methods used and the concepts employed
D. too difficult to be used in finding out his or her disciplinary origins
【例2】A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.
31. What the wise man said suggests that__.
A. it' s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil B. it' s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it C. it's only natural for virtue to defeat evil D. it's desirable for good men to keep away from evil （二）词汇结构之于完形填空
Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed ___67___ extending man's knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions ___68___ from university to university, according to the views of the people in ___69___ and according to the resources available.
67. A) at B) by C) to D) in
68. A) turns B) ranges C) moves D) varies 69. A) prospect B) place C) control D) favor （三）词汇结构之于翻译
（2009年江苏专转本英语82）. Researchers have found that school performance is little related to job competence. Qualities like “steady and dependable” and “practical and organized” are more important. (Passage Two)
（2009年江苏专转本英语86）互联网的出现改变了人们的生活、工作与思维方式。 （2009年江苏专转本英语88）我们往往认识不到的是，看似无用的东西也许从长远角度来看大有裨益。
从以上分析可以看出来：虽然在江苏专转本英语考试中，vocabulary and structure部
分出现在第二部分，但是这一部分知识的掌握是所有其它考题解决的基础，没有巩固扎实的词汇与结构知识，是没有能力很好地解决其他考题的可能。大家在基础班学习的前期阶段，一定要认真复习词汇与结构部分的重要知识点，反复练习，为整个英语考试水平与能力的提升打下牢固的基础。
第二章 英语词汇记忆方法
词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位，学习英语最常遇到的问题，便是词汇不足。词汇不足的人在英文听、说、读、写各方面的能力都会受到严重限制。实际上，若能采用适当的
方法，是可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间，并且提高记忆单词的质量。下面我们就介绍五种单词记忆法，这几种方法是灵活结合使用，就会取得理想的单词记忆效果。 一、构词法记忆法
这种方法是最有效的记忆单词方法。这是因为：大量的英语单词通过构词法与其它单词产生内在的相互关联，通过掌握一些词根、词缀的意义，就能很好地推导出其它相关词的词义。下面以单词nation为例来说明：
internationalization ↑
internationalize ↑
internationalist, internationalism←international→internationality, internationally
↑
international←nation→nation-hood, nation-state, nation-wide ↓
nationally, nationality←national→nationalize, nationalization, nationalism ↓
nationalist ↓
nationalistic ↓
nationalistically
不难发现，英语构词法在我们系统记忆单词方面具有特别突出的作用，而且这种记忆法可以将具有同一基本意义的不同词性或具有相反意义的一系列单词同时记忆，使不同单词的词义、词性不易混淆。正确利用构词法的规律，通过掌握构词法来记忆单词，能让我们短时间内迅速掌握大量词汇、达到事半功倍的效果。
英语主要有三种构词法：
1. 派生，即通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词，例如：happy--unhappy（加前缀）happiness（加后缀）；
2. 转化，即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。例如： picture(n.)画－picture(v.)描绘 water(n.)水-water(v.)浇水 ；
3. 合成，即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。例如：breakfast, brunch（早午餐）, businessman, dragonfly（蜻蜓）, headmaster, headquarters, mankind, masterpiece, backbone, lifestyle, lockout, newsletter, signpost, stakeholder, standstill, stockpile, trustworthy
考生永远不可能见过所有的英语单词，但词根、词缀相对来说就少得多，熟悉了一些常见的、重要的词根词缀，就形成了一种猜测、联想词汇词义的能力。因此，掌握常见的、重要的词根、词缀是非常有意义的。 为了帮助同学们更便捷地使用构词法记忆单词，本书将英语中常见词根、词缀列于书后附录1。这些词根、词缀并不要求同学们去背诵记忆，那样很枯燥乏味、效果极差。正确使用这个资料的方法是：平时偶尔翻看，解题实践中、碰到一些较难单词较难记忆，查阅一下词根、词缀，利用词根、词缀的信息提示产生联想，从而很好地理解记忆单词。 二、根义记忆法
这里的根义可理解为：根本的、核心的词义。记住根义代替记忆多义，可以解决“没有生词”却老读不懂的问题。比如要问immediate（ly）是否已记住，回答当然是肯定的。那么就请看下面三个“没有生词”的片段：
a) The woman immediately behind the car. b) She is my immediate neighbor. c) the immediate cause
若没有读懂，那么就请看immediate (ly)根义：中间没有间隔（地） 1）（时间）立刻；
2）（空间）紧挨，通接，紧跟， 3）（关系）直接
这样，根义在阅读理解中就起到了以一当十的功效。上面三个片段的意思就迎刃而解了。 三、语境记忆法
将比较生疏、不常用的单词放入一定的语言环境--句子中，结合句意来记忆单词。遇到此单词时，若词义忘记，则可通过回忆所在句子的意思来记忆单词。例如：
critical adj.
①批评（性）的，吹毛求疵的
I don't like people who are too critical about everything． 我不喜欢对每件事都太吹毛疵的人。 ②紧要的，关键的；危急的
2017年江苏省专转本基础班英语教材
