第三篇 地下防水工程
目 录
1 防水混凝土 ··············································································································· 3 1.1 材料要求 ············································································································· 3 1.2 主要机具 ············································································································· 4 1.3 作业条件 ············································································································· 4 1.4 操作工艺 ············································································································· 5 1.5 质量标准 ············································································································· 8 1.6 成品保护 ············································································································· 9 1.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································· 9 2 水泥砂浆防水层 ········································································································ 11 2.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 11 2.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 11 2.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 11 2.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 12 2.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 13 2.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 13 2.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 14 3 高聚物改性沥青防水层 ······························································································· 15 3.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 15 3.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 17 3.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 17 3.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 17 3.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 20 3.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 21 3.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 21 4 自粘橡胶沥青防水层 ·································································································· 23 4.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 23 4.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 24 4.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 24 4.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 25 4.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 27 4.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 27 4.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 28 5 合成高分子卷材防水层 ······························································································· 29 5.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 29 5.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 30 5.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 30
5.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 30 5.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 33 5.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 34 5.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 34 6 单组分聚胺脂涂膜防水层 ···························································································· 36 6.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 36 6.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 37 6.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 37 6.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 37 6.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 38 6.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 39 6.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 39 7
水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂层 ······················································································· 40 7.1 材料要求 ············································································································ 40 7.2 主要机具 ············································································································ 41 7.3 作业条件 ············································································································ 41 7.4 操作工艺 ············································································································ 41 7.5 质量标准 ············································································································ 44 7.6 成品保护 ············································································································ 44 7.7 应注意的问题 ······································································································ 44 8
地下防水工程细部的构造防水及图示 ··········································································· 46 8.1 变形缝 ··············································································································· 46 8.2 后浇带 ··············································································································· 47 8.3 穿墙管（盒） ······································································································ 49 8.4 埋设件 ··············································································································· 51 8.5 预留通道接头 ······································································································ 51 8.6 桩头··················································································································· 52 8.7 孔口··················································································································· 53 8.8 坑 池 ················································································································ 54
1 防水混凝土
本章适用于-般民用建筑地下防水等级为1～4级的整体式防水混凝土结构。
1.1 材料要求
1.1.1 水泥：防水混凝土使用的水泥，应符合下列规定：
1 强度等级不应低于32.5MPa；
2 在不受侵蚀介质和冻融作用时，宜采用普通硅酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥，火山灰质硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥。使用矿渣硅酸盐水泥时必须掺用高效减水剂。
3 在有侵蚀性介质作用时，应按介质的性质选用相应的水泥；
4 在受冻融作用时应优先选用普通硅酸盐水泥，不宜选用火山灰质硅酸盐水泥和粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥
5 不得使用过期或受潮结块的水泥，并不得将不同品种或强度等级的水泥混合使用。 1.1.2 砂：宜用中砂，不得为碱性骨料，含泥量不得大于3%。泥块含量不得大于1%。
1.1.3 石子：粒径宜为5～40mm，泵送时石子最大粒径应中输送管径的1/4（碎石宜≯1/5管径）；且≯1/4砼最小断面；≯3/4受力筋最小净距；吸水率不应大于1.5%；含泥量不得大于1%，泥块含量不得大于0.5%；不得使用碱活性骨料。
1.1.4 掺和料：防水混凝土可掺入-定数量的粉煤灰、细磨矿渣粉、硅粉等，粉煤灰的级别不应低于二级，掺量不宜大于20%；硅粉等其他掺量应经过试验确定。
1.1.5 外加剂：防水混凝土可根据工程需要掺入减水剂（萘磺酸盐、氨基磺酸盐、木钙）膨胀剂（低碱U型膨胀剂）、密实剂（氯化铁、硅质密实剂）、引气剂（松香酸钠、松香热聚物）防水剂（有机硅、无机铝盐）、复合型外加剂（NNO与引气剂等三组分复合、MF与木钙等四组分复合、糖蜜与早强剂复合）、水泥渗透结晶型防水材料等。其品种和掺量应经试验确定，所有外加剂技术性能应符合现行国家或行业标准-等品及以上的质量要求。
1.1.6 水：拌制防水混凝土所用的水应采用不含有害物质的洁净水。 1.1.7 每立方米防水混凝土中各类材料的总碱量（NaO当量）不得大于3kg。 1.1.8 防水混凝土可根据工程抗裂性需要掺入钢纤维或合成纤维等。
1 在混凝土中掺入适量的聚丙烯纤维可提高混凝土的抗渗性、抗冲击性强度50%以上，降低混凝土干缩率65%以上，其配合比见表1.1.8-1
2
聚丙烯纤维混凝土配合比 表1.1.8-1
序 号 1 2 3 4 5 项 目 石子最大粒径（mm） 水泥：砂 水灰比 聚丙烯纤维长度（mm） 纤维体积率（%） 技术要求 20 1:2～1:3 0.55～0.6 12～64 0.1～0.2 2 在混凝土中掺入适量长度为20～40mm的钢纤维可显著提高混凝土对塑性收缩、温差、应力等因素导致的结构性裂隙的抗裂能力和混凝土的抗渗能力。
钢纤维混凝土的配制要求见 表1.1.8-1
钢纤维混凝土的配制要求 表1.1.8-2
序 号 1 2 3 4 5 项 目 钢纤维掺量 水灰比 水泥用量 砂率 外加剂 技术要求 体积率Vf＜2% ＜0.6,宜取0.45～0.5 400～500kg/m 40%～60%,随钢纤维掺量增加而适当增加 适 量 31.2 主要机具
搅拌机、翻斗车、运拌车、泵送车、振捣器（平板、高频插入式）、串筒 、溜槽、铁锹、灰槽、铁板、磅砰、计量容器等。
1.3 作业条件
1.3.1 完成钢筋、模板的预检、隐检工作。
1 所用模板拼缝严密，不漏浆、不变形，吸水性小，支撑牢固。
采用钢模时，应清除钢模内表面的泥浆，并均匀涂刷脱模剂（注意梁板模必须刷水性脱模剂）以保证混凝土表面光滑。
采用木模时，应在浇灌混凝土前24h内用水充分湿润其表面（竹胶板、多合板不在此例） 2 立模时，应预先留出穿墙管和预埋件的位置，准确牢固埋好穿墙止水套管和预埋件。拆模后应做好防水处理
3 防水混凝土结构内部设置的钢筋及绑扎铁丝均不得接触模板，固定外墙模板的螺栓不宜穿过防水混凝土以免造成引水通路，如必须通过时，可采用工具式止水螺栓（见图1.3.1）或螺栓加堵头，螺栓上加焊方形止水环等止水措施。
4 及时清除模板内杂物。
1.3.2 根据施工方案做好技术交底工作。
1.3.3 各项原材料需经检验，并经试配提出混凝土配合比，防水混凝土配合比应符合下列规定：
1 试配的混凝土抗渗等级应比设计要求提高-级（0.2MPa）
2 每立方米混凝土水泥用量不得少于320kg，掺有活性掺合料时，水泥用量不得少于280kg。 3 砂率宜为35%～40%；泵送时为38%～45%。 4 灰砂比宜为1:1.5～1:2.5。 5 水灰比不得大于0.55。
6 掺加引气剂或引气型减水剂时，混凝土含气量宜控制在3%～5%。
7 普通防水混凝土塌落度不宜大于50mm,泵送时入泵塌落度宜为120±20mm。 1.3.4 减水剂宜预溶成-定浓度的溶液。 1.3.5 地下防水工程施工期间应做好降水和排水工作。
1.4 操作工艺
1.4.1 工艺流程
作业准备→混凝土搅拌→运输→混凝土浇灌→养护→质量验收 1.4.2 混凝土搅拌。
1 混凝土搅拌时必须严格按试验室配合比通知单的配比准确秤量，不得擅自修改。当原材料有变化时，应通过实验室进行试验，对配合比作必要的调整。
2 现场配料时，水泥、砂、石、水-定要按重量秤量，配合比标牌上座算出上料小车加秤盘加材料重的法码、秤铊重量并应根据每天打混凝土前1h预测砂石含水率，调整砂、石、水的用量，计量允许偏差（见表1.4.2）
混凝土组成材料计量结果的允许偏差表（%） 表1.4.2
混凝土组成材料 水泥、掺合料 粗、细骨料 水、外加剂 注：累计计量仅用于微机控制计量的搅拌站。
每盘计量 ±2 ±3 ±2 累计计量 ±1 ±2 ±1
地下防水工程施工工艺标准 - secret
