Chapter1
Computer：a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.
Input includes words and symbols, numbers,
pictures,
audio
signals,
Fourth Generation(1971---Now) Large-scale
integrated
(LSI)
and
have to use the 0 as a place holder and the 1 indicates one group of 2s. 见图【四种进制】
Convert decimal numbers into binary numbers：divided by 2 until quotient becomes 0, all remainders are combined from the bottom up. 100(D) = 1100100(B) Convert binary numbers into decimal numbers: very-large-scale circuits
were
integrated (VLSI)
developed.(contained
hundreds to millions of transistors on a tiny chip芯片)
Computer Categories
Supercomputers www.top500.org↑ Mainframe computers大型机 Workstations
Server[Internet]服务器
Microcomputers (Personal Computers, PC)
Computer System Hardware:the
electronic
and
instructions, and so on.
Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas.
Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called processing. Memory is an area that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
Storage is the area that permanently holds data that is not immediately needed for processing.
The series of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program. The first electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC).
First Generation (1946---1958) Main memory was almost made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes真空管. Most input and output media were punched cards and magnetic tape. Second Generation(1959---1963) Transistors and some other solid-state devices were being used for the computer circuitry. (A transistor is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow
electronic
signals
to
Represent characters (Binary Coding Schemes) B)= 1 ?24 + 1 ?22 + 1 ?20for ASCII(American Standard Code = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21(D)Information Interchange) electromechanical parts consists of the following:
Input(Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner) Memory内存 and Storage存储 Processing
加工
[CPU
(Central
1\%uses 7 bits for each character 2\\provides codes for 128 (27) characters 3\\the most widely used code with non-IBM mainframes and virtually all microcomputers 4\\Extended ASCII uses 8 bits EBCDIC(Extended Decimal Interchange Code) 1\\8-bit code, can represent 256 (28) characters 2\\ used by IBM mainframe computers Unicode 1\%uses 16 bits for each character 2\\provides characters 3\\can represent the alphabets of multiple languages, such as Chinese Represent sounds and pictures:by bits Terms:
codes for 65536(216) Binary-Coded Processing Unit)]
Output( Monitor显示器, Printer) Software:the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task ; a set of computer programs Without software, the hardware is useless.
System Software : designed to allow the computer to manage its own resources and run the hardware and basic operations
Application Software
performs tasks to directly benefit or assist the user.
Data is used by computer, information is pass.) used by humans.
Data Representation: Binary Number System:
The binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1
bit 比特(binary digit) each 0 and 1 is called a bit.
Represent numbers:
Magnetic cores核心 \\ storage devices\\ High-level languages Third generation(1964---1970) The 集成电路integrated circuit (IC) replaced traditional transistorized circuitry. (IC is a complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic
?bit (b): the smallest unit transmission speeds are expressed in bits?byte (B): 8 bitsstorage space is usually expressed in bytes?kilobyte (KB): =1024 B =210B?megabyte (MB): =1024 KB =220B?gigabyte (GB): =1024 MB =230B?terabyte (TB): =1024GB =240B
components on a small silicon chip.) In binary, you run out of digits after you magnetic disks \\ multiprogramming
count to 1. To get to the next number, you
Decimal十进制 binary二进制 octal八进制 hexadecimal十六进制 0 0000 000 0 1 0001 001 1 2 0010 002 2 3 0011 003 3 4 0100 004 4 5 0101 005 5 6 0110 006 6 7 0111 007 7 8 1000 010 8 9 1001 011 9 10 1010 012 A 11 1011 013 B 12 1100 014 C 13 1101 015 D 14 1110 016 E 15 1111 017 F 16 10000 020 10
计算机文化基础 英文考点总结[自己整理]1
