issue
? Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large sample groups
? Quasi-experiments Advantages:
? Control group comparisons possible
? Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do not suffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlled laboratory setting.
? Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experiments Limitations：
? Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs do not use random sampling in constructing experimental and control groups.
? Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups ? Cohort studies Advantages:
? Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome
? Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual
exposure
? Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factor Limitations:
? Larger, longer, and more expensive ? Prone to certain types of bias ? Not practical for rare outcomes ? Case-control studies Advantages:
? The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome
? Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methods
Limitations：
? Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature
? Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome ? “N=1” trials Advantages
? Easy to manage ? Inexpensive
Limitations：
? Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population
? Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject 7、
? Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:
? The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)
? The accuracy of evaluation
·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.
·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data” 8、
·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society ·Research and education
·Political, economic, and social factors
Unit5 1、
·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from： ? Continuous stress ? Pain ? Hardships
·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases. ·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases. 2、
·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.
·Manifestations of a healthy person: ? Energy and vitality ? A certain zip in gait
? A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior 3、
·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.
·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.
·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them. ·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms. 4、
·People's minds are infected by spin: ? Half-truth ? Fearful fictions
? Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit ·Spin is a result of unconscious living. ·The kind of falseness is pandemic. 5
·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use. ·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.
·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.
·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential. 6
·We grow more reluctant to take risks.
·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.
·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves. ·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an
unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.
学术英语课后问题答案
