第一节 动词的时态 一、 一般现在时:
1、 由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。 例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.
2、 当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。
二、 一般过去时: 区分三个短语的用法:
1、 used to do sth:过去常常做某事。 2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。 3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。 三、 一般将来时:
1、 be to+动词原形:表示安排或计划好了的动作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.
2、 be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
3、 一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常常用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情,这类动词常见的有如:start, go, leave, come, arrive等。例:We are leaving for
Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。
四、 进行时态:
重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。
When表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时…”,主句多用进行时态;while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当…时”,该从句用进行时态。
例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.
I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.
五、现在完成时:
重点区分have(has)been to:某人去过某地,表示一种经历,强调状态,可以和once, twice, often, never, ever连用;
Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。 六、过去完成时:
1、强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时。 2、It was the first/second/last time that…,在该句型,that从句用过去完成时态。 七、将来完成时:
常常标志性地由by、by the time、by the end of引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语,主句用将来完成时态。
第二节 感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构
一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一
感觉”(see、watch、look、notice、observe;hear、listen to;feel),在主动语态中用动词原形或现在分词作宾补,如see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be seen to do sth。
二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有make、let、have,
在主动语态中用动词原形做宾补,如make sb do sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be made to do sth, 两种形式都表示使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我们被要求努力学习。
三、英语中常考的句式结构一:sth need/ want/ require doing 某物需要…(=sth
need/want/require to be done)(此句式主语为物)例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理).
四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get
后接宾语为物)例:I have taken many photos. I’m going to get the film developed.
五、情态动词的被动语态,其构成为:情态动词+be+过去动词。例:The work must
be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 第三节 情态动词
常见的情态动词有can、could;may、might;must、need;should;ought to,
对于情态动词常考其两方面的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部分的讲解放在虚拟语气) 一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有:
1、Can/may do sth:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。 二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型:
1、can/may have done sth:表示对过去内容的可能性; 2、must have done sth:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。
例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.
2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. 第四节 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示与客观事实相反的假设,由if虚拟条件从句和主句构成。 一、虚拟语气的基本内容
根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的if虚拟
条件从句与主句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式: 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 If虚拟条件从句 Did/were Had done 主句 Would/should do Would/should have done 与将来事实可能相反 例:1、I wouldn’t talk that way if I were Peter.
2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great
Were to do/did/should do Would/should do deal of time and money would have been lost
3、Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.
4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.
5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language.
6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time. 二、if的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构)
在if虚拟条件从句中,如果谓语部分包含were,should,had等词,则可以把这些词放到主语前,省略if,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。 三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成
当虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表示的时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。
例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.
2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in
trouble now.
四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成
在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的that宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。这类常见的主观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五要求”,