相关历史事件：
? ?
French Revolution 法国大革命 Industrial Revolution 工业革命
Characteristic of Romanticism： ? individual expression 个人表达 ? imagination 想象
? worship of nature 对自然的崇敬 e.g. “I wandered lonely as a cloud”
“Ode to the West Wind” ? nationalistic 民族主义
William Wordsworth（华兹华斯）
Wordsworth is the most representative poet of English Romanticism. He frequently visited places of beautiful scenery. A walking tour of the Swiss Alps heightened his addiction to nature.
Wordsworth 是英国浪漫主义最有代表性的诗人。他经常去参观一些美丽景点。瑞士阿尔卑斯山的旅途是他对自然的着迷变得更强烈。
He had great sympathy with the French Revolution. He paid 2 visits to France, during the second visit he fell in love with Annette Vallon, who bore him a daughter.
他十分同情法国大革命。他曾两次拜访法国，在第二次去法国的时候，他爱上了Annette Ballon, 并且二人孕育了一个女儿。
Wordsworth was totally disillusioned by the Jacobin dictatorship（雅各宾派的独裁统治）and the French invasion of other European countries. He became conservative in politics. He was labeled as “negative Romantic poet” by Karl Marx and was severely criticized by Byron.
Wordsworth 对雅各宾派的独裁统治和法国入侵其他欧洲国家的幻想彻底破灭。政治上，他变得更加保守。他被马克思贴上了“消极浪漫主义诗人”的标签，并且遭到了拜伦的严厉谴责。
In 1797 he made friends with Coleridge. In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads. In 1800, he wrote a preface (前言) for the second edition of Lyrical Ballads. In 1843, he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.
在1797年，他和Coleridge成为了朋友。 1789年，他们二人发表了抒情诗集。1800年，他为抒情诗集的第二版写了一篇前言。1843年，他成为了桂冠诗人。
His best known long poem is The Prelude. In this poem Wordsworth analyses the growth of his poetic genius during his childhood and youth, and recalls the lessons he owes to nature.
Wordsworth’s greatest contribution to English literature is his poems and his Preface to The Lyrical Ballads.
他最著名的长篇诗歌是“序曲”。在这首诗中，他分析了自己童年和青年时期的诗歌天赋成长过程，回想起了他从自然中受到的经验。
Wordsworth’s Preface (1800) to Lyrical Ballads is the manifesto(宣言) of English Romanticism. It is “one of the revolutionary works of criticism, helping usher （引导）in the Romantic Age in literature” .
他的抒情诗集“前言”是英国浪漫主义的宣言。是批判主义的其中一部革命性著作，引导
浪漫主义时期的文学发展。
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudy
主要描述了“水仙花”
Theme:
? Nature’ s beauty uplifts the human spirit.
? People sometimes fail to appreciate nature’s wonders as they go about their daily
routes.
? worship of nature
课后题：
1. What mood does the opening simile suggest, and what change in mood occurs later on? The simile compared me to a cloud suggests a lonely, solitude mood.
Later the mood became cheerful, happy and excited, he enjoyed his loneliness.
2. What is the significance of close observation of individual details from nature in this
poem?
To show the relationship between human and nature: harmonious, close. 3. What does this poem suggest about the power of nature? Nature has the power of healing our minds.
4. What role does memory play in this poem?
whenever he feels “vacant”or “pensive(沉思的，忧郁的)”, the memory flashes upon, and his heart fills with pleasure. It means that the author enjoys the loneliness. 5. Relation between the poet and nature ? In perfect harmony, nature gives him happiness 6. What effect can nature have on the mind? Healing effect.
7. What is shown of the general qualities of Romanticism in the poem ?
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
love of nature
harmony between man and nature love of loneliness, of melancholy spiritual freedom
nature’s wholesome effect on man’s spirit
Byron and She Walks in Beauty
In 1807, he published his first lyric poems entitled Hours of Idleness. He responded with a biting satire called “English Bards and Scotch Review.”
His main works:
Don Juan（a great comic epic）
She Walks in Beauty:
? 修辞手法：Alliteration/simile/Metaphor/Personification
? Theme：It is a love poetry, expressing several theme, such as
beauty,harmony,love and perfection. Beauty is the most important. ? Image：darkness&Light
Shelley and Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
In 1811 Shelley wrote and published an anti-religious pamphlet The Necessary of Atheism. In 1813, when he returned to England, he wrote his first important poem Queen Mab.
His works： ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
(1811) The Necessity of Atheism (无神论的必要性) (1813) Queen Mab(麦布女王)
(1817) The Revolt of Islam( 伊斯兰的反叛) (1819) The Cenci(倩契)
(1819) Ode to the West Wind (西风颂)
(1820) Prometheus Unbound(解放的普罗米修斯) (1820) To a Skylark (致云雀) (1821) Adonais (阿多尼斯)
Ode to the west wind:
Theme： revolt & revolutionary spirit. 反叛革命精神
? The first stanza describes the wind’s activity on the earth, on the leaves. ? The second stanza describes the wind’s activity on the clouds in the sky. ? The third stanza describes the west wind ‘s activity on the waves in the sea. ? In the forth stanza, Shelley longs to identify himself with the objects of the
wind’s power.
In the 5th stanza, the poet shows his active and optimistic spirit.
? By words of poetry, he will be the wind’s active cooperative instrument,
scattering his words among mankind.
? The celebrated final line of the poem can best express Shelley’ s optimistic belief in the future in face of the cold winter, that is the cold hard social reality.
课后题：
1. Whom and what is being addressed in this poem? This poem is talking about the west wind by Shelley. 2. What does wind signify in this ode?
It symbolizes the spirit of revolt and revolution.
3. Why is the west wind referred to as “Destroyer and preserver” ?
The west wind sweep away the withered leaves as well as blow seeds to the soil. It destroys the old things and preserve the new things.
Jane Austen and Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》
Jane Austen focused on middle-class provincial life/country life. Her works combine romantic comedy with social satire and psychological insight. expressing a discriminated and serious criticism of life, exposing the follies and illusions of mankind.
It raised the awareness of women, which makes the basis of the later criticism. Her marriage value: 1. true love 2. social economic 3. personal merits.
Her works： First period:
? Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》 ? Sense & Sensibility 《理智与情感》 ? Pride & Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》 Second period：
? Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德花园 》 ? Emma 《爱玛》
? Persuasion 《劝导》
Pride and Prejudice
First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen' s most popular novel.
《傲慢与偏见》在1813年第一次出版，是简奥斯汀最受欢迎的小说。
It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy.
它描述了当时乡村上流社会的生活，并且讲述了伊丽莎白和达西之间最初的误解到后来的相互启蒙。
The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of letters.
标题“傲慢与偏见”指的是伊丽莎白和达西第一次相遇时的方式。在1796-1797年的原始版本，小说标题的“第一印象”。
The novel revolves around the importance of marrying for love, not simply for money, despite the social pressures to make a good (i.e., wealthy) match.
小说围绕着为爱结婚的重要性，而不仅仅是为了金钱，即便是当时门当户对的社会压力所迫。
\is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good
fortune, must be in want of a wife\ irony and playfulness.
小说开篇第一句话充满了讽刺和趣味性。 Theme:
? Marriage ? Wealth ? Class
? Self-knowledge
人物关系：
? Elizabeth & Darcy ? Collins & Charlotte ? Bingley & Jane ? Wickham & Lydia
1. What does Mrs. Bennet wish Mr. Bennet to do?
She wants him to visit Mr. Bingle in order to see if there were a opportunity for one of her daughter to marry him.
2. What opinion does Mr. Bennet have of his daughters, excepting Lizzy?
He thinks they are silly and ignorant. But Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters.
3. How do Mrs. Bennet and her daughters react when Mr. Bennet reveals that he has
made their new neighbor’s acquaintance?
They were shocked and excited. They demonstrate extreme ecstasy and raptures（狂喜）. Mrs. Bennet keeps speaking to show her excitement while her daughter Lydia even begins to imagine the dance with Mr. Bingley in the ball.
4. What does the opening sentence of the novel mean? What is the view of marriage
that it suggests?
① This is one of the most famous first sentences in literature. Jane Austen is making an ironic suggestion that the families in the society she wrote about were always looking for rich husbands to whom they could marry their daughters.
② The sentence sets the tone for the entire novel, in that the whole work is a masterpiece if irony both structurally and verbally.
③ The sentence begins as though the novel were going to be a great philosophical discourse.
④ \the novel will deal with truths, but the second half of the sentence reveals that the great universal truth is no more than a consideration of a common social situation. Thus there is an ironic difference between the formal manner of the statement and the ultimate meaning of the sentence.
⑤ The ''truth'' spoken of is that a woman needs a man with a fortune for a husband. We should also realize that the viewpoint of the first sentence is that of a women. Only a female would make this statement, and Jane Austen is going to present most of the
英美文学史（英国）知识点汇总
