A. Daniel Defoe：one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. B. Jonathan Swift：Gulliver's Travels---man-like creatures---Yahoos A modest Proposal----the best model of satire.
C. Richard Brinsley Sheridan：the leading figure among a host of playwrights.
Graveyard Poetry墓园派诗歌
① This term is applied to a minor but influential 18th-century tradition of meditative poems on morality and immortality.
② The best-known example is Thomas Gray’s “Elegy written in a Country Churchyard”. 《墓园挽歌》
③ These melancholic poems constitute a significant current of preromanticism.
William Blake and Robert Burns（作家）
一、William Blake
He was a non-conformist and anti-establishment thinker. 不顺从公认习惯的/反抗权威 1. Two Collections:
① Songs of Innocence 1789 ② Songs of Experience 1794 2. Two contrary states of human soul
The former expresses the poet’s delight in life, while the latter’s atmosphere is sad and gloomy. 3. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell（1792）：was infused with mysticism and complex
symbolism; is an important land mark in his poetic career. 4. His works: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Songs of Innocence （1789） Songs of Experience （1794）
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell（1792） The Book of Urizen （1794） The Song of Los（1795） Milton（1802）----Poem The Four Zoas（1803） Jerusalem（1804）
二、Robert Burns
① Burns wrote poems and songs in the Scottish dialect and in the tradition of Scottish folk songs. They are short and lyrical and melodious.
② He is regarded as a voice of the Scottish common people and an important poet of the period of preromantic English literature.
③ He was considered a pioneer in the Romantic, socialist, and liberalism movements, satirist.
His works：
? O Once I Loved （1774） ---first poem
? Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect （1786）--first work ? The Scots Musical Museum（1787）---Scottish song
A Red, Red Rose 课后题 【主题：Love&passion】 (1) Why is the word “red” repeated in the first line? To stir an echo effect and intensify his emotion.
(2) what other similes does the speaker use to describe his love? Rose and melody. (3) What images does the speaker use to show his strong love for his beloved? Seas and Sun. (4) What other themes does this poem carry beside the love theme? Love and Passion
Jonathan Swift and Gulliver’s Travels
一、Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667–19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. He is regarded by the Encyclopedia Britannica as the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. He is one of the greatest writers of satiric prose.
His works：
? The Battle of the Books 《书籍之战》（1704） ? A Tale of a Tub 《无稽之谈》（1704） ? Drapier’ s Letters
? A Modest Proposal-- a classic satirical work
? Gulliver’s Travels（1721-1725）----allegorical attack on the vanity and hypocrisy of
contemporary courts, statesmen and political parties.
二、Gulliver’s Travels格列夫游记（原名:Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World.）
The book contains four parts, each dealing with one particular voyage during which Gulliver meets with extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck of piracy of some other misfortune.
Gulliver's Travels(1726), as a whole, is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.
Four parts：Lilliput（小人国）, Brobdingnag（巨人国）, Houyhnhnm（马岛）, Flying Island（飞岛）。
? a satire on the Tories(托利党) & the Whigs(辉格党)--也是讽刺封建残余的无知与偏见 ? a satire on English lords and ladies
? a satire on the conflicts of English society and people ? a satire on corrupted philosophers & projectors
课后题
1. What are the major political practices satirized in Chapter 3, Part1?
it satirized the political practices of choosing officials by rope-dancing, which mainly satires on England's system of political appointments and to refer that England's system is similarly arbitrary.
2. How do you see the Lilliputian Emperor?
① He is only 6 inches tall, but he believes himself taller than the sons of men, which shows his ignorance.
② He also thinks that he can control Gulliver, which shows he is silly.
③ He wants Gulliver to help him attack Brobdingnag so as to expand his territory. This proved that the Lilliputian emperor is a greedy man.
3. What aspects of human nature does Swift seem to be satirizing through Gulliver’s huge size in Lilliput?
He mainly wanted to satire Humanity's pretensions(虚荣做作) to power and significance.
4. Do you think Swift’s technique of ridicule is more or less effective than simple, direct criticism? Why?
I think his technique is more effective than simple, direct criticism. On the surface, he just used some ridiculous language to describe some figures, which makes people laugh in reading. However, the implicating meaning will make people think deeper.
Summary of Gulliver’s Travels
The story mainly talks about Gulliver survived in shipwreck, captured by the Lilliputians which are only several inches tall. In this country, there were lots of conflicts and competitions between two parties, the high-heel party and the low-heel party. All lords tried to gain a good position by performing on the rope. The Lilliputian emperor was indulged in power and diversion. He wanted Gulliver to attack Brobdingnag and was refused.
After that, Gulliver got a chance to escape Lilliput and arrived in Brobdingnag. In this country, people are much taller than him. Gulliver was sent to court as a plaything. He boasted to the king about English. The king questioned and criticized the history of England, believing that it was \mass of intrigue, chaos, murder, slaughter, destruction, revolution and deceit\
Then he came to the flying island and other several islands. In these place, he found that the king and lords were meditating all day long; Scientists did meaningless researches. In witch island, he met a lot of ancient people, finding the stories in history book are retorted and wrong.
Finally, he came to the country of horses, which is full of rational and friendly horses. He talked about his world with the horse and made them shock. He failed to reach his desire of staying there and got back to his own place.
Chapter 4 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
An Introduction
Romanticism was an artistic and literary movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and peaked in the first half of the 19th century.
浪漫主义是一场艺术和文学运动，起源于18世纪末的欧洲，并在19世纪中叶达到高潮。
Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and of nature.
浪漫主义显著的特征在于它强调情感和个人主义，并赞颂所有的过去和自然。
English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’ s death.
英国浪漫主义于1789随着华尔华兹和柯勒律治合作的“抒情诗集”而开始，并随着Walter Scott的死而结束。
In English literature, the key figures of the Romantic movement were a group poets whose works still remain hugely popular. They include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Lord Byron, P. B. Shelley and the much older William Blake.
在英国文学中，浪漫主义运动的主要人物是一群拥有杰出著作的诗人。他们包括：华兹华斯，柯勒律治，济慈，拜伦，雪莱，威廉布莱克。
The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.
浪漫主义者对现有的社会和政治情况表达了一种消极态度。英国浪漫主义是英国想象对新古典理性的一种反抗。
The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.
浪漫主义时期是一个诗歌的时代。布莱克，华兹华斯，柯勒律治，拜伦，雪莱和济慈都是这时期的主要浪漫主义诗人。浪漫主义时期也是散文的一个时期，柯勒律治，黑兹利特，兰姆，德昆西是这时期散文发展的领导人物。
Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Jane Austen is the first and foremost English women novelist. Walter Scott is noted for his historical novel based on Scottish history and legends.
浪漫主义时期的两个主要的小说家是：简·奥斯汀，沃尔特·斯科特。简奥斯汀是第一个也是最重要的英国女性小说家。斯科特因其基于苏格兰历史和传奇的历史小说而出名。
Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural. Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley and The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe are masterpieces of English gothic novel.
哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一个阶段。它的主要元素是：暴力，恐怖，超自然。“科学怪人”和“奥多芙的神秘”是最杰出的哥特式小说。
Poetic dramas were also appeared at that time. Shelley’ s Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci, Byron’ s Manfred, and Coleridge’s Remorse are regarded as the best verse plays during this period.
诗歌戏剧也在这时期出现，雪莱的“被解放的普罗米修斯”和“倩契”；拜伦的“曼弗雷德”；柯勒律治的“懊悔”都被认为是这时期最好的诗剧
总结：
? The romantic period is an age of poetry.
? Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the most representative
writers.
? They explore new theories and innovate new techniques in versification（作诗）. ? They believe that poetry could purify individual souls and society.
注：
湖畔派诗人代表Lake poets:
Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.
什么是湖畔派？
在文学上，共同反对古典主义传统，向往唯情论，歌颂大自然。通过缅怀中古的淳朴来否定现实的城市文明。消极浪漫主义。早期激进，后期保守。
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.
The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.
野兽派/撒旦派作家：
Other greatest Romantic poets are: John Keats, P.B. Shelley and G. G. Byron. 济慈，雪莱，拜伦 They are referred to as Satanic Poets by Robert Southey for their violent imagination and rebellious spirit.（积极浪漫主义者，强烈的想象力和反抗精神。）
Satanic school（撒旦学派）: rebellious, revolutionary, romantic, short life.（反抗、革命、浪漫、短暂生命）
George Gordon Byron: romantic, revolutionary, satiric, proud and angry e.g. Don Duan, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Manfred Percy Bysshe Shelley: revolutionary, prophetic, optimistic e.g. Prometheus Unbound and \
John Keats: melancholy, a genius propounding on truth and beauty
e.g. \
无论是湖畔派还是野兽派，都属于浪漫主义。（只不过是消极和积极的区别）
Gothic novels：
? The Mysteries of Udolpho -- Ann Radcliffe （1794） ? Frankenstein -- Mary Shelley （1818）
英美文学史（英国）知识点汇总
