Latin works as models of literary form. 对古典文学的好奇
2. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. 注重人本身
? The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England
fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. 玫瑰战争：the house of York and the house of Lancaster.
? The final victory went to a relative and claimant of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, who
defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The rule of Tudor. 战争最后是Lancaster家族赢得王座。亨利三世建立都铎王朝。
? Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. 人文主义是文艺复兴的关键。
? It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. 文艺复兴反映了新兴资产阶级的新展望。
? Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 人文主义者强调人类的尊严和现世生活的重要性，他们认为人不仅仅拥有享乐权利还有完善自我和创造奇迹的能力。
? They also expressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and
ecclesiastical domination.
人文主义者还表达了他们对封建制度和教会统治的反抗精神。
? Thomas More, Christopher Mallowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives
of the English humanists. 英国人文主义代表：Thomas More, Christopher Mallowe and William Shakespeare
? Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus came to teach the classical learning, first at Oxford and then at Cambridge.（1466-1536） 当荷兰学者来到英国传授古典学习时，人文主义开始在英格兰盛行。
Religious Reformation宗教改革
主要发起人：Martin Luther 马丁·路德
? Those reformations improved the common people’s social position, and emancipated the
human beings’ thoughts.
影响：提高了普通人的社会地位，解放人们思想。
? William Caxton：the first person who introduced printing into England. 第一个将印刷术传入英格兰的人
Stages and Trends of English Literature of the Renaissance:
文艺复兴时期英国文学的发展趋势
(1) The first stage is the poetry from the introduction of the printing press to the writings of Thomas More, to of Wyatt and Surrey.
第一阶段：从Thomas More著作中对印刷术的介绍，到诗人Wyatt and Surrey的作品【Wyatt 引入意大利十四行诗sonnet；Surrey带来无韵诗Blank verse.】
(2) Then followed the “Elizabethan Age”(1558-1603), especially the last two decades of the 16th century
第二阶段：伊丽莎白时期，尤其是16世纪最后二十年。 a. the poetry of Sidney, Spencer and then John Donne（诗歌）
b. the dramas of the University Wits and Shakespeare (the flowering time) （戏剧最主流）
(3) The last stage is the literature of the Jacobean period. representative figures: Francis Bacon & Ben Jonson.
Edmund Spenser：
1. Spenser was the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age.
2. Spenser has been called the “poets’ poet”, because of his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody.
3. Spenser has exerted great influence on later poets. Representative works: The Faerie Queene 《仙后》
William Shakespeare
? He produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and two long poems.
37部戏剧，154首十四行诗，两首叙述长诗。
? His life can be divided into 4 stages:
1. The first period (1590-1594) : apprenticeship
Four history plays:
① 1590，Henry Ⅵ, part 2 《亨利六世，中》 ② 1590，Henry Ⅵ, part 3 《亨利六世，下》
③ 1591，Henry Ⅵ, part 1 《亨利六世，上》 ④ 1592，Richard III 《查理三世》
⑤ Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯安特洛尼克斯》 Four comedies：
1592，The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》 1593，Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》
1594，Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》 1594，Love's Labour’ s Lost 《爱的徒劳》 One tragedy：
1593，Titus Andronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》 Two narrative poems：
1593，Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》 1594，The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》
2. The second period (1595-1600) : his style and approach became highly individualized. It is a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays.
Five histories：
1595，Richard II《查理二世》 1596, King John《约翰王》
1597，Henry IV, part 1 《亨利四世，上》 1597，Henry IV, part 2 《亨利四世，下》 1598，Henry V 《亨利五世》 Six comedies：
1595，A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》 1596，The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
1598，The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》 1598，Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》 1599，As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》 1600，Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 Two Roman tragedies：
1599，Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》
1594，Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
3. The third period (1601-1607) ：It is a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.
The tragedies：
1601，Hamlet 《哈姆莱特》 (soliloquy) 1604，Othello 《奥赛罗》 1605，King Lear 《李尔王》 1605，Macbeth 《麦克白》 以上四部为“四大悲剧”
1607，Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》
1602，Troilus and Cressida 《特洛勒斯与克里西达》 Two Roman tragedies：
1606，Antony and Cleopatra 《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》 1607，Coriolanus 《克利奥兰纳斯》 Two comedies：
1603，All's Well That Ends Well《终成眷属 》 1604，Measure for Measure 《一报还一报》
4. The fourth period (1608-1612)：It is the period of romantic drama. Four comedies：
1608，Pericles, Prince of Tyre 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》 1609，Cymbeline 《辛伯林》
1610，Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》 1611，The Tempest 《暴风雨》
Two histories：
1612，Henry VIII 《亨利八世》
Two Noble Kinsmen 《两贵亲》
Sonnet 18
? Sonnet 18, often alternately titled Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?, is one of the
best-known of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.
? Sonnet 18 is a typical English or Shakespearean sonnet.
? Sonnet 18 has the characteristic rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg.
? 莎士比亚对文学艺术的表达：permanent
? By putting his love's beauty into the form of poetry, the poet is preserving it forever.
\ The lover's beauty will live on, through the poem which will last as long as it can be read.
? In the sonnet, the speaker compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. He also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.
课后题：
1. What images does Shakespeare use in order to strengthen the theme? summer
2. How does Shakespeare use the final couplet for effect?
? The couplet brings out the theme and comes to a conclusion. the poetry last forever and so does the beauty of the lover. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever, thus it has a faith in the permanence of poetry. (情人的美在诗中得到永恒)
3. What is the value or significance of the poem’s theme? theme：
1) praise your beauty
2) eternal of the poems as a form of arts
英美文学史（英国）知识点汇总
