英美文学期末复习
Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period 中古时期
An Introduction ：
? 最早的英国居民：Celts
? In 43AD , Roman conquered Britain, making the latter a province of Roman Empire. 公元43年，罗马征服英国，将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。
? In 449 Jutes came to Britain to settle there. Following the Jutes came Angles and Saxons. 449年，朱特人定居英国，紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。 ? Germanic means the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes.
日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。
? Anglo-Saxon poetry is bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit. 安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力，悲伤且忧郁。
? These tribes from Northern Europe together created the united kingdom--Anglo-Saxon England (\-land\
这些来自北欧的部落创建了联合王国--安格鲁撒克逊英格兰 (in 449)
? Their dialects naturally grew into a single language called Angle-ish or English, the ancestor
of the present-day English.
他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言--盎格鲁语或者英语。
? The old English were divided into two groups: ①religious group ②secular group 古英语诗歌被分成两类：①宗教 ②世俗
? The religious group is mainly on biblical theme. 宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。
? Beowulf is the greatest national epic poem. 贝奥武夫是最伟大的民族史诗。
? 1066, Norman Conquest. 1066年，诺曼人征服英格兰。
? Norman conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, under William, Duke Of Normandy after the
battle of Hasting in 1066, accelerated the development of feudalism in England. 诺曼人征服了安格鲁撒克逊英格兰，在诺曼底公爵威廉的带领下，加速了英格兰的封建主义发展。
? Norman Conquest established a feudal system in England.（Politically） 诺曼征服在英格兰建立了封建主义体制。（政治上）
? The Rome-backed Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the country.（Religiously）
受罗马支持的天主教堂权力超过了国家权力。（宗教上）
? With the Norman Conquest, the medieval period of English literature started.
随着诺曼征服，中世纪英语文学诞生了。
? The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.
诺曼人带来英格兰的文学以其光明、浪漫爱情故事和冒险著称。
? Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic
deeds, is popular literary form in the medieval period.
那些使用叙述诗和三问来歌颂骑士冒险和其他英雄事迹的传奇文学，在中古世纪的文学中广受欢迎。
? The structure of Romance is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward. 传奇文学的写作结构：松散&插话式；语言：简朴&直接 ? Three major theme of Romance: 传奇文学的三个主要主题：
① The matter of France: about Charlemagne and his peer/knights 关于法国：查理曼大帝和他的骑士
② The matter of Greece and Rome: about Alexander the great and the Trojan War and the fall of Troy.
关于希腊罗马：亚历山大帝、特洛伊战争和特洛伊之衰亡
③ The matter of Britain: King Arthur and his Round Table Knight. 关于大不列颠：亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士
? The author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight is the one who produced the best romance of
the period. 高文爵士和绿衣骑士的作者创造了该时期最好的传奇文学。
? Old English poetry was divided into two groups: The religious group & The secular group. 中古世纪代表文学人物：Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower 传奇文学的特点：
The Nature of the Romance: 与贵族相关
1）Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feudal morality.
2）The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle. 3）The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.
4）The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble
Folk Ballads 民谣
A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa.
歌谣是一种体裁，通常是音乐的一种叙述。从中世纪后期到19世纪，歌谣是英国和爱尔兰流行诗歌和歌曲的显著特征，并且在欧洲被广泛使用，一直到后来的北美，澳大利亚，北非。 Its stylistic features have derived from their oral nature: 民谣的文体风格源自于他们的口语性： 1. the simple language; 简单的语言
2. its wonderful story which deals only with the culminating incident or climax of a plot. 精彩的故事（只涉及情节的高潮和结局） 3. its dominant mood or tone. 显著的情感基调和语调 4. full use of hyperbole.
充满了夸张手法
5. the use of refrains and other kind s of repetition. 使用了叠句或者是其他的重复
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里·乔叟和坎特伯雷故事集
Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400), Father of English poetry, founder of English realism, forerunner of English humanism, and the first great writer who wrote in English language
杰弗里·乔叟是英国诗歌之父,英国现实主义的创始人，英国人文主义的先驱，是第一个用英语写作的伟大作家。
He had three period in his literary career: 在他的文学生涯中有三个阶段：
The French period (The Book of the Duchess) 法语时期：《公爵夫人的书》
The Italian period (Troilus and Criseyde)
意大利语时期：《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》 The mature period (The Canterbury Tales) 成熟时期：《坎特伯雷故事集》
? He established the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet) in
English poetry. 在英语诗歌总，他在抑扬格中创建了五个重音的押韵对句（英雄双韵体）
? He wrote in Middle English, London dialect from which Modern English is descended. 他用中世纪英语，伦敦方言进行创作，伦敦方言是现代英语的起源。 His achievements:
1. Forerunner of Humanism 人文主义先驱
2. The founder of English Realism 英国现实主义创始人
3. Father of English poetry (called by John Dryden)英国诗歌之父 4. Master of English Language英语语言大师
? heroic couplet 英雄双韵体（两行相互押韵、每行分五音步的）英雄偶句诗
a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style. 双韵体由两行押韵的五步抑扬格组成，以一种振奋的文体写作。 iambic pentameter:五步抑扬格
One iambic = one foot = soft loud. 一个抑扬格=一个音步=一个轻音+一个重音
The Canterbury Tales
? It depicts a rich, tapestry of medieval social life,combining elements of all classes, from
nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.
坎特伯雷故事集描绘了一个丰富多彩的中世纪社会生活，结合了所有阶级元素，上至贵族、牧师和修女，下至工人、酒鬼和小偷。
? When The Canterbury Tales were written: 1386
坎特伯雷故事集创作时间：1386.（真正静下心创作的时间） ? Planned: 120 tales 计划120个故事
? Completed: 22 and 2 fragments
实际完成22个故事和2个故事碎片 ? Remaining: 80 manuscripts 遗留了80个手稿
? Variety of genres: general prologue is estates satire 题材多样：总序为讽刺
? Pilgrimage as a framing device for tales 以朝圣为故事线
序言：
故事发生时间：Spring
朝圣人数：30（加上Chaucer本人） Why did they go there（朝圣目的）：
① To seek the holy blissful martyr, quick
② To give his help to them when they were sick.
去拜谢恩泽万民的殉难圣徒，因为人们有病时他给予救助。 修女形象：
1. Based on Prioress’s portrait, can you give a possible reason why she is undertaking this pilgrimage? 【课后题】基于对修道院院长的描述，你能说一下她为什么要参加朝圣吗？ --She wants to look for the worldly love. The sentences” Amor vincit omnia” means “Love conquers all”, which can shows the Prioress is a secular person and she doesn’t give up the secular things at all.
她想寻找世俗的爱。“Amor vincit all”这句拉丁文意思是：爱能征服一切。从这句话可以看出她是一个世俗的人并且无法完全放弃世俗的一切。
Chaucer describes the prioress as an example of the basic human paradox, which places what people are in opposition to what they think they are pretend to be.The portrait of the prioress dose seem to be a courtly heroine or romance rather than a nun.The motto\' implies her double pilgrimage to the shrine of Venus and that of Christ.
2. Do you think the Prioress is portrayed by Chaucer as a perfect lady or a perfect nun? --A perfect lady
3. Which detail suggest that the Prioress may be trying to appear more sophisticated than she really is?
--The way she talks, the language she uses, her table manners and her courtliness.
4. What seems to be the motives offered for the pilgrimage? In what ways are the season and the nature images important factors? 【课后题】
① The motives offered for the pilgrimage is that the pilgrims long to seek the strange countries of distant saints and especially, they want to seek the holy martyr in Canterbury, who gave them help when they were sick.
② At the beginning of the poem, the poet introduces the best season of going pilgrimage by describing the sweet shower in April, which engenders flowers, the west wind, which blows upon the tender shoots, and the small birds in the warm sun, which are making melodies. ③ Therefore, the season and nature stimulate people’s desire to go pilgrimage and set the optimistic atmosphere. In these ways, they serve as the important factors for the poet to develop his narration of the stories.
Chapter2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期（the 14th century---mid-17th century. ） An Introduction
? Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. 文艺复兴标志着中世纪到现代世界的过渡。
? It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. 文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，并逐渐传遍整个欧洲。
? The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. “文艺复兴”一词意味着重生/复兴。
? In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars
made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities 本质上，文艺复兴是欧洲人文主义思想家和学者尝试去摆脱中世纪欧洲那些旧封建思想并引入表达新兴资产阶级利益观点、取消罗马天主教会对所有地区的限制的一个时期。
? The Renaissance originally refers to the revival of classical arts after the dark ages.
文艺复兴起初指的是古典文学的复兴。
Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology
2. the religious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
? Classic Arts: Greek/Roman/Latin. ? Two features of renaissance:
1. It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and
英美文学史（英国）知识点汇总
