音标复习
1． 英语字母----英语（English）所基于的字母，共26个。分为元音字母和辅音字母。其中a, e, i, o, u为元音字母， 其它为辅音字母；
*元音字母不一定是元音发音，如字母u,它发/?/时，是元音，但发/j u：/时，是辅音/ j /和元音/ u：/的组合。所以我们会说a usual day, an unusual day, 所以单词发音对我们英语学习还有不少影响。
2． 音标---词的语音形式，是用来标记每一个词或字母的读音的书面符号。
国际音标----国际语音学协会拟定的一套全世界各族语言都适用的标音符号。
英语国际音标共48个，分元音和辅音。 按基本分法，元音分单元音和双元音。 元音： 单元音（12个） [ i：]， [e 或ε]， [ɑ：] ， [?：]， [?：或?：]， [u：]， [i ]， [?]， [?] ， [?]， [?或?]， [u] 单元音中[ i：]，[ɑ：] [?：]，[?：或?：]，[u：]为长元音， 其余单元音为短元音； 双元音（8个） [ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au] [i?] [ε?] [u?] 所有双元音都是长元音 辅音： 清辅音（11个） [p]，[t]， [k]， [f]， [θ] ，[s] ，[?]， [t?]， [ts]，[tr]， [h] 浊辅音（11个） [b]，[d]， [g]， [v]， [e] ，[z] ，[?]， [d?]， [dz]，[dr]，[r]，鼻音（3个） [m]， [n]， [?]， 边音（1个） [l] 半元音（2个） [w] ，[j] 3． 什么叫音节？
英语的单词至少包含一个音节。
音节一般以元音为主进行划分，每个音节一般由一个元音字母或一个元音字母组合加上一个或几个辅音构成。
如：dog [d?g], head [hed]等，这些单词只有一个音节，叫做单音节词。
含有两个音节的词叫做双音节词，如：student[′stju:d?nt]。
含有三个或三个以上的音节叫做多音节词，如 ：medical [′medik?l]。
4． 什么叫重音？
在双音节词和多音节词中有一个音节读得特别重而强，其他音节读得相对轻一些或弱一些，这种读音强弱现象合在一起叫做单词重音。
5． 什么叫重读闭音节？
先了解什么是“闭音节”，要满足两个条件：
条件1）——以一个辅音字母（r除外）结尾，而中间只有一个元音字母的音节成为闭音节，如：desk [desk], big [big]。这里元音字母不是发它本身的字母音。
或者这样来记：闭音节------辅音+元音+辅音，如：sit， bed， bad， bag， hot， hop， let， mad， map， head
条件2）——元音字母在闭音节中读它们的短音。
如：a读作[? ]，e读作[e]，i读作[ i ], o读作[?]，u读作[u]或[ ? ]等。 如果闭音节重读，就叫重读闭音节。或者说： （1）. 必须是重读音节；
（2）. 中间只有一个元音字母，而最后只有一个辅音字母； （3）. 元音字母发短元音。
单词变形要特别注意的几点
6．什么时候双写末字母加ed或ing? —— 重读闭音节。
注意：以-r音节结尾的词，虽然不是闭音节，但如果是重读音节，也要双写r字母， 再加-ed ，如prefer--- preferred；refer---referred；
7．什么时候去e加ing?------以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e，再加ing 另外：
1) 以不发音的e结尾的动词，直接加—d。例如： live—lived, hope—hoped
2) 以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的动词，变y为i再加— ed。例如： study—studied, cry—cried
3) 以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-ed played, enjoyed , stayed, destroyed
动词ing形式双写的有：sit, put, get, stop, begin, swim, prefer, travel, run，set, shut, spit, split, dig, cut, win等
动词加ed双写的有：stop ，drop ，fit， prefer， permit, travel（travel可双写也可不双写），还有
beg ---- begged ---- begging drip ---- dripped ---- dripping prefer---preferred refer---referring fit ---- fitted ---- fitting hug ---- hugged ---- hugged equip-equipped---equipping plan ---- planned ---- planning rid ---- ridded ---- ridding rob ---- robbed ---- robbing regret ---- regretted ---- regretting rub ---- rubbed ---- rubbing submit----submitted等
常见字母组合的音标
[ ei ]
ay—way, say, play, pay, may, lay ai—rain, tail, pain, nail, paint
ey—they, grey ei—eight ea—break
[ i: ]
ea—eat, clean, sea, tea, pea, teacher, leave, please, peach, meat, leaf, weak ee—bee, see，jeep, teeth, feet, green, street, sheep, week, meet
[ e ]
ea—bread, head, headmaster, sweater, sweat
[ ai ]
ie—tie, pie, lie, die ei—either，write （开音节）
igh—light, fight, night, tight, high, right, sight y—sky, fly, dry, cry, try, my, type, spy
[ ou ]
ow—yellow, low, bowl, window, show, know, row oa—boat
[ ju: ]
ui—suit ew—few, new
[ u: ]
ue—Sue, blue, glue
ui—fruit, juice, suit，two
oo—moon, zoo, food, room, classroom, rooster, too, boots, roof
[ u ]
oo—book, foot, wool, cook, look, tool u—put, full, pull
[ a: ]
ar—car, arm, card, park, garden, are, class, hard, farm, cart
[ ?:]
or—morning, fork, horse, or, orange, short, for al—small our—four oor—door
au—August, naughty, autumn aw—paw, draw, strawberry
[ ? ]
oi—coin, oil, point, noise, noisy, poison oy—boy, toy, destroy
[ ?: ] er—her
ir—birthday, dirty, bird, girl, sir
ur—turn, fur, hurt, nurse, turtle, purse or—work ear—learn
[ ? ]
er—sister, brother, under, winter, marker, mother, rubber, perhaps or—actor
[ au ]
ou—house, mouth, out, count, out, round, playground, our, shout, mouse ow—towel, cow, how, brown, flower, tower, down, now [ i?]
ere—here
ear—hear, dear, ear eer—deer
[ε?]
air—chair, pair, , hair, upstairs are—care, share, hare ear—pear, bear, wear eir—their
ere—there, where
oor[ u?]—poor
all [ ?:l ]—call, tall, fall, ball, wall, all
bl [ bl ]—blue, black, blouse, block
pl [ pl ]—plane, play, plus
gl [ gl ]—glue, glass, glove, globe
cl [ kl ]—clock, , class, cloud, clean, climb, close, clap fl [ fl ]—fly, floor, flower, flay, flat, flu
ble [ bl ] —table dle [ dl ]—needle kle [ kl ]—sickle
ple / pil [ pl ]—apple, people, pupil tle [ tl ]—turtle, kettle, bottle cil [ sl ]—pencil
sc [ sk ]—school, scale, scarf
sk [ sk ]—skip, skate, skin
sp [ sp ]—spoon, speak, spend, spell, spaceship
st [ st ]—stamp ,upstairs, still, instead, store, stand, student, stay, start, stick sl [ sl ]—slow, sleep, slice, slot, slippery sm [ sm ]—smile, small, snake, smell sn [ sn ]—snowman, snow, snake sw [ sw ]—sweet, swim, swallow
br [ br ]—bright, brown, bread, brother, Briggs pr [ pr ]—price, prize
cr [ kr ]—cream, cry, Crisp
gr [ gr ]—grey, grow, grass, ground, green, grandma fr [ fr ]—friend, fruit, front, French, frog
tr [ tr ]—try, traffic, tree, train, truck, street
dr [ dr ]—dream, dry, drop, draw, drive, dress, drink, drum, bedroom, wardrobe
wr [ r ]—write, wrist ck [ k ]—back, packet
ch [ t∫]—chair, chicken, cheese, church, bunch, bench, beach sh [∫]—she, sheep, shirt, ship, fish, dish, push
th [θ]—three, thin, thumb, thirsty, thank, thick, bath th [ e ]—this, that, then, these, those, brother, father, mother, with
ng [ ? ]—sing, thing, English, hungry, long
ph [ f ]—photo, elephant, telephone
wh [ w ]—white, when, which, sandwich, wheat, where wh [ h ]—who, whose, whom
kn [ n ]—know, knee, knife, knock
国际音标(完整版)
