管理学大师
斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯
《组织行为学》MBA授课讲义
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter students should be able to: 1. Define organizational behavior (OB).
2. Identify the primary behavioral disciplines contributing to OB. 3. Describe the three goals of OB.
4. List the major challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts. 5. Describe how OB concepts can help make organizations more productive.
6. Discuss why work force diversity has become an important issue in management. 7. Explain how managers and organizations are responding to the problem of employee ethical dilemmas.
8. Discuss how knowledge of OB can help managers stimulate organizational innovation and change. LECTURE OUTLINE I. THE FIELD OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
A. Definition
1. Organizational behavior is the systematic study of the actions and atti-tudes that people exhibit within organizations. (ppt 4) 2. Key parts of the definition
a) Systematic study (ppt 5)
(1) The use of scientific evidence gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner to attribute cause and effect. (ppt 6)
(2) OB—its theories and conclusions—is based on a large number of systematically designed research studies.
b) Systematic study of actions (or behaviors) and attitudes include three areas: productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. (ppt 7)
(1) Managers clearly are concerned with the quantity and quality of output that each employee generates.
(2) Absence and turnover—particularly excessively high rates—can adversely affect this output.
(3) Organizational citizenship—discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements but promotes effective organizational functioning—is a fourth type of behavior that has recently been found to be important in determining employee performance. (ppt 8-9)
(4) Organizational behavior is also concerned with employee job satisfaction, which is an attitude. (ppt 10)
(5) Job satisfaction is a concern for three reasons.
(a) There may be a link between satisfaction and productivity.
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(b) Satisfaction appears to be negatively related to absenteeism
and turnover.
(c) It can be argued that managers have a humanistic
responsibility to provide their employees with jobs that are challenging, intrinsically rewarding, and satisfying.
c) Systematic study of people within an organization
(1) OB is specifically concerned with work-related behavior.
(2) An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit, which comprises two or more people and functions on a relatively
continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. (ppt 11)
(3) OB is characterized by formal roles that define and shape the behavior of its members.
B. Contributing Disciplines (ppt 12)
1. Organizational behavior is applied behavioral science.
a) The predominant contributing disciplines are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science.
b) Psychology contributes mainly at the individual/micro level of analysis, whereas the latter disciplines contribute on the group/macro level of analysis.
2. Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and some-times change the behavior of humans and other animals.
a) Psychologists concern themselves with studying and attempting to understand individual behavior.
b) Contributors are learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists, and, most important, industrial and organizational psychologists.
c) Early industrial psychologists concerned themselves with problems of fatigue, boredom, and any other factor relevant to working conditions that could impede efficient work performance.
d) More recently, their contributions have been expanded to include learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision-making processes, performance appraisals, attitude
measurement, employee-selection techniques, job design, and work stress.
3. Sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings.
a) Greatest contribution has resulted from their study of group behavior in organizations, particularly formal and complex organizations. b) Areas of valuable input include group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory and
structure, bureaucracy, communications, status, power, conflict, and work/life balance.
4. Social psychology is an area within psychology, blending concepts from psychology and sociology.
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a) It focuses on the influence of people on one another.
b) A major area of concern—change—how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance.
c) Areas of significant contributions are in measuring, understanding,
and changing attitudes, communication patterns, the ways in which group activities can satisfy individual needs, and group decision-making processes.
5. Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.
a) It includes human physical character, evolutionary history,
geographic distribution, group relationships, and cultural history and practices.
b) This has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within organizations.
6. Political science, the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment, is frequently overlooked.
a) Specific topics of concern to political scientists include structuring of conflict, allocation of power, and how people manipulate power for individual self-interest.
II. GOALS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
A. What three goals does OB seek (ppt 13) B. Explanation
1. Seek to answer why an individual or a group of individuals did some-thing.
2. Explanation is the least important of the three goals, from a management perspective, because it occurs after the fact.
C. Prediction
1. The goal of prediction focuses on future events to determine what outcomes will result from a given action.
2. There are various ways to implement a major change, so the manager is likely to assess employee responses to several change interventions. Such information can be used in making the decision as to which change effort to use.
D. Control
1. The most controversial goal is to control behavior because most of us live in democratic societies, which are built upon the concept of personal freedom.
2. OB does offer technologies that facilitate the control of people.
a) Whether those technologies should be used in organizations becomes an ethical question.
III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OB: A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE
A. The ability to explain, predict, and control organizational behavior has never been more important to managers because of changing workforce
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管理学大师组织行为学授课讲义.docx
