专题 十二 特殊句式 考向预测
特殊句型是英语学习中必须掌握的难点知识,熟练地掌握和使用对提高应试能力有很大的帮助。通过近几年试题的分析与研究,主要从以下几个方面进行考查:倒装句、强调句和省略句。在学习时,首先应弄清楚如何正确地使用,其次要在具体的语境中灵活使用。
知识与技巧的梳理
近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象,如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句,把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起,考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。 考点1 强调句----强调句结构及其中的who和that
强调句的基本构成为:It is/was+被强调部分+who/that+其他成分。无论强调那个部分,其后面的连接词只能用who或者that。被强调的部分指人时,可用who或that;被强调的部分不指人时,切不可因为强调的是时间、地点、原因或者方式状语而用when, where, why或how,此时必须用that。如: ① It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.
正是在战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以重新回到研究工作中去。
②It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed.那位老太太是在银行的前面被抢劫的。 ③It is when he got back that he knew what had happened.他回来后才知道所发生的情况。 ④It was the goat’s eyes that he had seen in the darkness.他在黑暗中看到的就是这只山羊的眼睛。 特别提示:
强调句中的主谓一致性:当强调主语时,其后的谓语动词应与主语一致,即人称和数要一致。如: ① It is my mother who cooks every day.每天煮饭的是我妈妈。 ② It is he who is wrong.是他错了。 【典例】
It was after he got what he had desired _____he realize it was not so important. A. that
B. when
C. since
D. as
【答案】A
【解析】考查强调句型。句意:直到他得到了他想要的东西,他才意识到它并没有那么重要。此处为强调句型,其基本结构为:it+ is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分,本题强调after he got what he had desired,故A正确。
考点2 强调句----强调状语部分
强调句所强调的状语部分可以是介词短语、副词或状语从句。如: 1.强调介词短语
It is not without an effort that we can expect to succeed. 不经努力,我们不能指望成功。
2.强调状语从句
①It was before he went to London that he had learned English for three years.他在去伦敦之前已经学了三年英语。(强调时间)
②It was where you have questions that you’d better make a mark.最好在你有疑问的地方做个记号。(强调地点) ③It was because she was ill that she didn’t come to the party.她没来参加聚会是因为她病了。(强调原因) ④It is as the Party tells us that we must do.我们必须做的就是听从党的安排。(强调方式)
⑤It is as long as you promise to be back before 8:00 that you can go out.只要你保证八点以前回来你就可以出去。(强调条件)
3.强调not until结构
It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him. 直到母亲把一切都告诉他,Jack才明白母亲为什么生他的气。 特别提示:
not until 引导的复合句放于句首时,主句须用倒装语序。但如果放于被强调的位置,则that后的主谓不倒装。如:
① It wasn’t until I got off the bus that I realized it.直到下车我才意识到这一点。(强调句) ② Not until I got off the bus did I realize it.直到下车我才意识到这一点。(倒装句) 【典例】
It ____not until she came back ____ Jane realized that she had lost her ID card. A. is, that 【答案】C
【解析】考查强调句型及时态。句意:直到到了家,简才发现她的身份证丢了。在高中英语中not和until只能在两种情况下紧挨着出现:1.强调句型It is/was not until...that...; 2.倒装句型Not until...。在其他情况下一律用not...until...,分析句子结构可知,此处为强调句,又因句子使用了一般过去时和过去完成时可知,此处应使用was。故C选项正确。
考点3 强调句-----强调句的疑问句
B. was, who
C. was, that
D. is, who
1.一般疑问句。结构为:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分?如: Was it during the Anti-Japanese War that he died? 他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗?
2.特殊疑问句。结构为:特殊疑问词(what/Who/when/Why/Where/How)+is/was it+ that/who+句子其他成分? 如:
Why is it that smoking is not allowed here? 为什么这儿不允许吸烟? ‘ 考点4 强调句-----强调句与主语从句、定语从句和状语从句的辨析
1. 掌握强调句与“It is/was…that+从句.”式主语从句的使用区别。主句从句中it is/was后通常用名词或形容词作表语,而强调句中it is/was后被强调的成分是主语、宾语或状语。如:
① It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive. 那个受伤的士兵还活着,真是个奇迹。(主语从句) ② It is a wonder that we visited yesterday. 我们昨天参观的是一个奇迹。(强调句)
2.定语从句的引导词(即关系代词和关系副词)在从句的使用过程中较为丰富,如who,that,which,whose,when,where,why等,与充当先行词的名词或代词存在修饰与被修饰的关系;而强调句中的引导词只有who和that,强调人时,用who或that,强调其他时,只用that,且与被强调的部分不存在修饰与被修饰的关系。如:
①It was 2009 when she graduated from the senior high school. 那是2009年,她高中毕业的时候。(定语从句)
②It was in 2009 that she graduated from the senior high school. 她高中毕业是在2009年。(强调句)
3. 容易与强调句混淆的时间状语从句主要有:
(1) It is/was+时间+since从句。有两种含义:如果since从句中的谓语动词是非延续性的。则译为“自从……有多长时间了”;如果是延续性的,则译为“不做某事已有多长时间了”。如: ①It is three years since he joined the army.自他参军以来已有三年了。 ②It is many years since he smoked.他没有吸烟已有好多年了。
(2) It is/will(not)be+时间段+before从句。表示“要过多久(不久)才……”,before从句后的谓语动词多用一般现在时。如:
It won’t be long before you reach your goal.你离成功不远了。
(3) It was+时间段+before从句。表示 “过了多久才……”。before从句后的谓语动词多用一般过去时。如: It was four hours before he finished the work. 过了四小时他才完成工作。 【典例】
It was after having her first child at a time____ my mother was working as a lawyer ____she decided to run for governor of the state A. that; that C. that; who
B. which; that D. when; that
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句型和定语从句。句意:在我母亲做律师的时生了第一个孩子后,她决定竞选州长。第一空“when”引导定语从句,先行词是“ a time”,从句中缺少时间状语,故用关系副词“when”;第二空“that”构成了强调句式的基本结构It is/was+强调部分+that从句。
4. 谓语动词的强调
强调句“It is/was…that…”一般不强调谓语动词,如果要强调谓语,用助动词do,does或did。如:The family did manage to send him to a technical schoo1.家里的确设法让他上技术学校。 考点5 倒装句------全部倒装
把谓语全部提到主语前面,叫全部倒装或完全倒装。主要有:
1. 以here, there, out, in, up, down, away等副词开头,谓语动词多为be, come, go等,则需用全部倒装。如:There flows a river at the foot of the mountain. 山脚下有一条河。
2. 以then, now, thus开头,谓语动词多为come, follow, begin, end, be, 主语又是名词/名词词组,则用全部倒装(若主语是代词,则不能倒装)。如:Now comes your turn! 该你了
3.当地点类介词短语位于句首且后有不及物动词be,come,sit,live,stand,lie,exist等时,常用全部倒装。如:On the ground lay an old man,who was dying.地上躺着一位老人,奄奄一息。
4.such作表语,置于句首,表示“这样的人/事物;上述的人/事物”。be动词须与后面的主语保持一致。如:Such is their decision.他们的决定就是这样。 【典例】
______, without waiting for any reply. A. Away did he go 【答案】C
【解析】考查倒装。句意:没有等待任何回复,他走开了。方位副词位于句首时,应使用完全倒装结构,但是当主语是代词时,不需要倒装,要使用陈述语序。故C选项正确。 考点6 强调句------部分倒装
只把助动词/系动词/情态动词提到主语前面,叫部分倒装。主要有:
1. 在疑问句中须部分倒装。但在疑问句中作主语的特殊疑问句里,不用倒装。如: ① Does he speak Chinese? 他说中国话吗? ② Who is in this room? 谁在这个房间里?
2. 用于以so, nor, neither开头的句子,表示重复前句的部分内容,须部分倒装,且此句的谓语动词应与前句的谓语在时态/形式上一致,但“so+主语+do”结构则表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定,它的主语与上文的主语相同,so相当于indeed,certainly。如:
①Mary has learned by heart 200 words,and So have I.玛丽已经记住了200个单词,我也是这样。
B. Away went he
C. Away he went
D. Did he go away
②—The girls study hard.这些女孩学习刻苦。 —so they do.她们的确如此。
3. 在以never,seldom,not only,rarely,scarcely,in no way等否定或半否定词开头的句子用部分倒装。如:Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery.我想象不到会看到这样美妙的景色。
4. Only置于句首修饰状语(副词、介词短语)或状语从句等时用部分倒装。
如:Only after the anaesthetist gave the patient an anaesthetic could the operation be conducted. 只有在麻醉师给病人实施麻醉以后,手术才能进行。
5. 在so…that, such…that句型中,当so, such引导的结构置于句首时须用部分倒装。
如:So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他说话声音那样大,隔壁屋里的人都能听见。
6.在hardly…when,no sooner…than,not until句型中,主句须部分倒装。 如:Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow.他一到,天就下起雪来了。
7.as引导的让步状语从句结构为:形容词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语。如: ① Tired as he was, he stayed up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
② Explain as I might, I could not make myself understood. 尽管我已经解释了,但我还是不被理解。 ③ Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子,可他知道很多。(注意开头的名词前无冠词) ...
8.在省略了if的虚拟条件句中,were,had或should置于句首。
如:Were I in your position,I would not go.我要是在你的位置上,我是不会去的。
9.however,no matter how引导的让步状语从句,把however/no matter how + 形容词/副词 置于句首。 如:However hard he worked,he couldn’t solve the problem.不管多努力,他就是解决不了那个问题。 【典例】
1. At no time _____in the exam. It was unfair to punish them. A.they actually cheated C.did they actually cheat 【答案】 C
【解析】考查部分倒装。句意:他们在考试中绝对没有作弊。惩罚他们是不公平的。此处否定词组At no time位于句子开头,句子用部分倒装,结合句意可知句子是一般过去时态,故答案为C。 【典例】
2. Only when the teacher walked into the classroom _____that she had left the speech note at home. A.she realized C.she has realized 【答案】D
B.has she realized D.did she realized
B.do they actually cheat D.they had actually cheat