(1) linguistics: （语言学）the scienti?c or systematic study of language.
(2) language: （语言）a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (3) arbitrariness: （任意性）the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and
what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.
(4) duality:（双重性） the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds
and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.
(5) competence:（语言能力） knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal
abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.
(6) performance:（语言运用） Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the
knowledge that underlies it, or competence.
(11) synchronic linguistics: （共时语言学）the study of language and speech as they are used at
a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.
(12) diachronic linguistics: （历时语言学）the study of linguistic change over time in contrast
to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.
(6) phoneme:（音位）the abstract element of a sound, identi?ed as being distinctive in a
particular language.
(7) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are
produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.
(8)phonology: （音位学）the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language. (1) morphology:（形态学） the study of the structure of words.
(2) morpheme:（词素） the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a
grammatical function.
(3) free morpheme: （自由词素）a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.
(4) bound morpheme: （黏着词素） a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word,
e.g. ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).
(5) morph:（语素变体）the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level
of parole.
(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and en are all
allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.
(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence
structure.（句法学）
(5) IC analysis:（Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法）the approach to divide the
sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents.
(11) ideational function（概念功能）: the use of language as a means of giving structure to our
experience of the real or imaginary world.
(12) interpersonal function（人际功能）: the use of language for maintaining social roles and
interacting with others.
(13) textual function（语篇功能）: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within
themselves and which ?t the particular situation in which they are used. (1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.语义学
(14) synonymy:(同义) the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical
items, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.
(15) antonymy:(反义关系) the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between
lexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.
(16) hyponymy:（上下义关系） the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,
where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (the superordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.
(17) meronym:（整体部分关系） the sense relation between body and its parts which are not
only sections of the body but de?ned in terms of speci?c functions. For example, the head is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
(1) pragmatics:（语用学） a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.
(2) deixis:（指示）the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with
respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.
(1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is, how
social factors in?uence the structure and use of language.（社会语言学）
(8) diglossia:（双语） a situation when two distinct varieties of the same language
are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
(9) bilingualism:（双语现象） the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a
group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
(11) taboo:（禁忌）a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general
use.
(12) euphemism:（委婉语）a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference to certain acts or subjects, e. g. “powder room” for “toilet”.
(1) cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. According to this
approach, language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it.（认知语言学）
新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)
