四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）
论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。
█ Basic Sentence Patterns
Part I To state the purpose of the experiments
It is the purpose of this article to …
The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to … The objectives of this study were to … This report is intended to …
In this study, an attempt was made to …
explore analyzed evaluate studied
In order to …, we/the authors
compare performed investigate surveyed
in/among…
Part Ⅱ To state the background of the experiments
We/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that … It has been reported that …
Previous studies have shown that … … has/have been associated with …
A few comparisons have been made between… and … Part Ⅲ To state the methods of the experiments
isolated…
… was/were analyzed by using…
measured
investigated by the method of/the use of/
… was/were diagnosed measurement of… /with the… test/
performed by… techniques
Using…, we demonstrated… Using…, we found that…
shows indicates
A recent
demonstrates that…
Study by X
proves
provides information concerning…
Part Ⅳ To state the results of the experiments
It was found that … … failed to show…
… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with… … was/were in inverse proportion to… directly proportional to…
There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…
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association correlation
The results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…
details The of… are presented.
results
Part V To state the discussion and conclusion
We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that… We propose… to do …
results
indicate that…
findings
demonstrate that…
observations
Our/These/The prove that…
data
support that…
research
provide information concerning…
investigations
It is suggested/recommended/advised… On the basis of… we conclude that… From these results, it is concluded that… Recent research indicates that…
六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）
在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。 1、语态
在翻译英文摘要时，一般采用第三人称的被动语态。采用被动语态可以避免提及有关的执行者，使行文显得客观。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用必要的修辞手段，扩大句子的信息量；有利于推出有关的概念、问题、事实和结论等内容。 [例1] 本文提出了一种采用偏微分方程技术求RF散射问题解的方法。
采用主动语态：
This paper presents the method of using partial differential equation techniques for the solution of RF scattering problems. 采用被动语态：
The method of using partial differential equation techniques for the solution of RF scattering problems is presented in this paper. 采用被动语态描述证实方法的过程，突出事实的客观性。如： [例2] 对变压器及其周围的八分之一空间进行了电磁场计算：
The magnetic field computation was carried out in one octant of the transformer structure and its surrounding space.
但是，有时采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更加简练，表达更为直接有力，可以突出动词所表达的内容。所以经验丰富的科技论文作者写论文时会恰当地使用主动语态。一般在他们的文章中，25%的句子采用主动语态。在下列情况下被动语态常被采用：使用被动语态比使用主动语态更能造出简单的句子；把某个词语当作句子的主语以便强调这个词；描述某种标准化的过程，而过程的执行者又无关紧要时；实验报告中描述实验程序。 2、时态
英文科技论文摘要所采用的时态有：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时。由于摘要是以介绍性叙述为主的文体，所以一般现在时是使用最广泛的时态，主要用于陈述性、资料性文摘中。一般过去时主要用于说明某一项具体项目的开发情况，介绍科学或技术研究项
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目的资料。现在完成时说明论文的发展背景、介绍业已结束的研究项目等。现在，把摘要各部分动词时态的使用规则分述如下：
1）在叙述研究目的或主要的研究活动时，如果文章采用“研究导向”（把研究活动当作焦点），则应使用过去式；而如果文章采用“论文导向”（把研究论文本身当作焦点），则应使用现在式。举例如下：
[例3] This article reviews the pertinent biology of these viruses and recent studies of their possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus.（论文导向）
This study investigated the distances at which subjects prefer to work in VDU tasks that require frequent gaze-shifting between the VDU screen and a paper document.（研究导向）
有的作者采用结构式摘要写法，如： [例4]
Object（目的）：To study the incidence of Grave’s disease and associated factors. Method（方法）：A total of 100123 people aged 15~19 in Daqing region were surveyed epidemiologically. The investigations were conducted for an average two years.
Results（结果）：348 patients with Graves’ disease were newly diagnosed, 71 of them（1.6%） were males and 277（4.1%） females.
Conclusion（结论）：The study may provide the theoretical evidence for prevention and treatment of Graves’ disease.
在结构式摘要中，论文的目的多采用不定式表达；研究的方法和结果一般用过去时表示，这是因为研究工作已经结束；结论一般用现在时或情态动词表示。
2）当论文主要介绍一种模型、算法、分析方法或技术，则应使用现在时来描述研究方法。如：
[例5] A Monte Carlo model is used to calculate the photo election intensity. 如果用一个合并的句子来叙述研究目的和研究方法，则有两种写法。第一种写法是使用句子的主句来表达研究目的，并使用短语来描述研究方法。在下例中，作者的研究方法用划线部分的短语来表示。如：
[例6] A numerical method for the symmetric matrix eigenvalue program is developed by reducing the problem to a number of matrix-matrix multiplications. 第二种写法是使用句子的主句来描述研究方法，而使用位于句首或句尾的短语表达研究目的。下例划线标明的短语表达了作者的研究目的。
[例7] To study the effect of indentation on program comprehension, programs with
three levels of indentation were presented to different groups of subjects.
3）概述主要的结果时，通常使用过去时，如：
[例8] The scores of subjects who received a program written with moderate
indentation were higher than the scores of the other two groups. 然而，如果作者认为自己的结果具有普遍有效性，则可能使用现在时，如：
[例9] Results indicate that test methods have a significant effect on the test taker’s
scores in reading comprehension.
4）在叙述结论或绪言时，常使用以下句型：
● Therefore, it can be concluded that…
● The results of the experiment indicated that… ● The research we have done suggests that…
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● The investigation carried out by…has revealed that… ● This fruitful work gives explanation of…
● The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of … ● These findings of the research have led the author to a conclusion that…
5）在说明论题的发展背背研究趋势，表示持续到撰写论文时的行为或状态，则应使用现在完成时，如：
[例10] Previous research has shown that during the work at visual display units
（VDUs）most subjects prefer viewing distance greater than 50 cm.
[例11] The patients have been followed for 18 to 38 years since the beginning of their disease. Radionuclide examinations provide considerable information in evaluating patients who have received renal transplants.
总之，在翻译科技论文的摘要时，是采用主动语态还是采用被动语态，是采用一般现在时还是采用一般过去时或现在完成时，要看具体的原中文摘要要表达的意思而定，要力求准确、地道地表达原文的意思。因此，选用哪种语态、哪种时态，应根据上下文，先行整体构思，再作取舍。
仔细阅读几篇写得好的科技论文的英文摘要，可能会帮助读者对这里叙述的科技论文摘要的结构、时态和语态的正确使用有所体会。例如。
[例12] Abstract—Solution for scattering of plane electromagnetic waves from a
permeable elliptic cylinder with a confocal coating material is considered. The solution is formulated in terms of infinite series of Mathieu and modified Mathieu functions. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the strong dependence of the scattering cross section on the core and coating parameters.
(IEEE TRANSACTION ON MAGNETICS, Vol. 27, No. 5, SEPTEMBER 1991)
[例13] Abstract—It is emphasized in the paper that the Maxwell equations have a
peculiar mathematical structure which leads to the boundary value problems with an “overspecified” number of partial differential equations and “underspecified” number of boundary conditions. As attempt is made to reduce these boundary value problems to standard mathematical formulations with equal numbers of PDE’s and boundary conditions. It is demonstrated that these formulations have some attractive features which appreciably facilitate their finite element discretizations.
(IEEE TRANSACTION ON MAGNETICS, Vol. 29, No. 2, MARCH 1993)
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摘要常用句型及其翻译
