锦鲤腐皮病灭活疫苗制备及使用
摘要:从患有腐皮病的锦鲤(Cryprinus carpio)肝、肾、脾、血液里分离到1株优势菌,对该菌进行纯化培养并经人工感染试验,确定该菌为病原菌。经16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定该病原菌为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。用不同浓度福尔马林和不同温度灭活蜡样芽孢杆菌,筛选其灭活效果并制得灭活疫苗。将灭活疫苗免疫健康锦鲤后测定其抗体效价变化及免疫保护率。结果表明,0.2%的福尔马林溶液在28 ℃下灭活24 h及4 ℃灭活36 h为蜡样芽胞杆菌的适宜灭活条件。首次免疫后第20天,免疫Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组血清抗蜡样芽孢杆菌的抗体效价达到高峰,分别为1∶128、1∶64、1∶64、1∶32;第30天同样剂量加强免疫后,各免疫组血清抗体效价达到更高水平,分别为1∶256、1∶256、1∶128、1∶64;免疫后第50天时攻毒,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组免疫保护率分别为66%、66%、55%、44%。
关键词:蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);锦鲤(Cryprinus carpio);灭活疫苗;抗体效价;免疫保护力
中图分类号:S942.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2016)20-5320-04 DOI:10.14088/jki.issn0439-8114.2016.20.038
Abstract: A dominant bacteria strain was isolated from the liver,kidney,spleen and blood of diseased Cryprinus carpio and confirmed as pathogenic bacteria strain by purified culture and artificial infection. It was identified as Bacillus cereusr by 16SrRNA sequence analysis. The optimal inactivated condition for preparing the inactivated vaccine of Bacillus cereusr was determined through treated with
different concentrations of formalin and temperature on bacteria. The antibody titers of serum and relative percentage of survival(RPS) were determined after immune healthy Cryprinus carpi. The results showed that the optimal inactivation conditions of Bacillus cereusr were 28 ℃ for 24 h or 4 ℃ for 36 h with the concentration of 0.2% formalin. On the 20th day after the first immunization the serum antibody titer of Cryprinus carpi against Bacillus cereus reached the peak and that of immunized groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 1∶128,1∶64,1∶64 and 1∶32,respectively. The antibody titers of all immunized groups reached a higher level when got second immunization with the same dose as the first immunization and that of groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳwere 1∶256,1∶256,1∶128 and 1∶64 on the 30th day after the first immunization,respectively. The RPS of immunized groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 66%,66%,55% and 44% on the 50th day after the first immunization,respectively.
Key words:Bacillus cereus; Cryprinus carpio; inactivated vaccine; antibody titres; relative percent survival(RPS)
锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鯉科(Cyprinid)鲤属(Cryprinus),为大型观赏鱼类。近年来锦鲤养殖密度越来越大,加上水质不易调控,导致锦鲤腐皮病发病率居高不下[1],不仅影响了锦鲤的观赏价值,还易引起锦鲤大量死亡。目前从鱼类腐皮病上已分离到的致病菌有点状产气单胞菌(Aeromonas punctata Sub. punctata)、杀鲑气单胞菌(A. salmonicida)、嗜水气单胞菌(A. hydrophila)和维氏气单胞菌(A.veronii)[2-5],对这些病原菌的抑制或杀灭多是采用抗生素类药物[6,7],但长期使用抗生素类药物导致病原菌的耐药性问题日趋严重,同时对养殖水体也造成一定的污染。已有研究表明水
产疫苗对鱼类具有良好的免疫保护效果,同时可增强鱼体抗应激能力,且符合友好环境的要求[8]。目前水产动物疫苗研制集中于大规模养殖的食用鱼疾病[2-5],多采用注射免疫途径,给苗不便成为制约水产疫苗推广应用的关键因素[8]。而锦鲤养殖具有养殖水体小、养殖数量少、易于操作和经济价值高等特点,这些特点为疫苗的实施提供了可行性。本试验旨在通过研制锦鲤腐皮病安全有效的灭活疫苗并用于临床预防,为锦鲤腐皮病防控提供技术参考。
1 材料与方法
1.1 病原菌的分离与鉴定
1.1.1 病原菌分离 患病锦鲤取自北京市某锦鲤养殖场,体长15.2~18.5 cm,体重105.7~130.6 g。临床症状主要表现为病鱼躯干部和鳍基部等部位伴有充血、出血、鳞片脱落、肌肉外露等溃疡灶。在超净工作台解剖有典型病症的患病锦鲤,取病鱼的肝、脾、肾、血液组织划线接种于普通固体培养基上,28 ℃于恒温培养箱培养24 h。挑取单个优势菌落重复划线于普通固体培养基上,获得的纯化菌株保存于4 ℃冰箱备用。
1.1.2 人工感染 将分离到的细菌接种于普通固体培养基上,28 ℃恒温培养24 h,用0.8%无菌生理盐水洗脱平板菌苔,制成浓度为1×108 CFU/mL的菌悬液备用。试验鱼由天津市鲤鱼良种场提供,养殖于圆形水泥池(直径为1.2 m、高1.0 m),池水预消毒曝气5 d。将20尾健康锦鲤(体重101.3~122.1 g,体长13.5~16.7 cm)分两组,每组10尾,暂养5 d后一组腹腔注射0.2 mL/尾菌悬液(1×108 CFU/mL),另一组腹腔注射无菌生理盐水(0.2 mL/尾)。饲养过程中24 h气泵增氧,三日换水量为1/3,正常投喂配合饲料,记录鱼体发病及死亡情况。取感染致死的锦鲤内脏组织和血液进行细菌再分离。
1.1.3 病原菌鉴定 16S rRNA序列分析:使用DNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司)提取细菌DNA,作为PCR反应模板备用。引物为27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGG-3′)、1492R