第三讲 理清文架构——核心
抓段落构成——知主题句
一、段落的构成
英语文章段落结构一般由三部分构成：主题句(topic sentence)，扩展句(development sentence)和结论句(closing sentence/concluding sentence)。主题句点出段落的主题，扩展句解释说明或论证主题，结论句总结、归纳或概括主题。
1．主题句
主题句，就是段落的核心句、纲领句、主旨句、中心思想句，言简意赅，主旨鲜明。它是段落的灵魂，表达段落的主题，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位，其他句子都要围绕它而展开。英语文章一般喜欢开宗明义，所以主题句一般位于文章段首，但有时也在段中或段尾。
2．扩展句
扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证作用的句子。扩展句一般长度适中，有一定的条理和逻辑。扩展句的展开方法多种多样，通常采用的方法有举例说明、描述、定义、比较对照、因果分析、分类等。
3．结论句
结论句就是总结句，会重述或总结段落的中心论点，与主题句相呼应。需要指出的是，英文段落中结论句并不多见，我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构60%一70%都是由“主题句＋扩展句”构成。
[典例] Why fiction is superior to textbooks lies in their imagination(主题句：以自问自答的方式提出段落主题)．Authors of the fictions always create attractive characters so as to give his opinion about nature and the society as well as life(扩展句1)．It not only provides knowledge，but also teaches us what is the right attitude toward life (扩展句2)．For instance，we can learn from Gone with the Wind how to be a strong-willed person；from Jack London，how to love life(扩展句3：基于上述观点，进一步举例说明)．We can be stimulated to overcome all obstacles to realize our ambitions(扩展句4)．So，fictions enable people to form their positive view of life，the spirit of optimism and invincible courage，and provide us with an opportunity to learn and to practice，while textbooks barely can (结论句：归纳总结段落主题)．
二、段落主题句的位置
在进行阅读理解时，我们要善于找出段落的主题句，这样才能抓住文章段落的中心思想(controlling idea)。主题句在段落中的位置并不是一成不变的，而是根据作者组织段落的方法或强调的重点而定。大多数情况下，主题句在段首，有时会在段中或段尾。无论主题句的位置在哪儿，主题句都包含一个逻辑性强且层次分明的中心思想。
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1．主题句在段首
这是主题句在段落结构中最常见的位置，这种安排开门见山，点出主题，读者可以迅速了解文章主旨。
[典例] Although smoking has been a popular habit for centuries，it has always had its enemies(主题句)．Some American Indians advised young braves not to smoke too much because tobacco would cut their wind(削弱力量)in a hunt or a battle.King James Ⅰ of England called smoking “a branch of the sin of drunkenness，which is the root of all sins”．Ben Johnson，the playwright，said smoking was“good for nothing but to choke a man and fill him full of smoke and embers”．Popular slang called cigarettes“coffin nails”long before the medical evidence on the hard from smoking was complete.Now every package of cigarettes and every advertisement for cigarettes must carry a warning from the Surgeon General(卫生局局长)that smoking is hazardous to health.
2．主题句在段中
主题句出现在段中时，位于主题句之前的部分通常起到承上启下的作用，而主题句后面的部分则围绕主题句展开讨论或阐述。此类主题句并不一定在段落正中位置，可能靠近段首，也可能与段中的结论句相邻。
[典例] My parents have gone out for the evening.Just as I settle down to read or watch TV，my little brother demands that I play with him.If I get a telephone call，he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him.Baby-sitting my brother is no fun(主题句)．He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace.Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat.Then when he finally grows tired，it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.
3．主题句在段尾
主题句位于段落的结尾，是对段落主旨进行概括和总结。主题句位于段尾的好处是会给读者留下深刻印象。
[典例] Some people dream of starring roles，their names in lights，and their pictures on the cover of magazines.Some would even go out of their way to get their name.However，I am not one of these people.A famous person gives up private life，feels pressured all the time，and is never completely safe.So，let someone else have that cover story，take the starring roles and have a big name.I'd rather lead an ordinary，but calm life rather than a stress-filled public one(主题句)．
理段落展开——析句间关系
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在段落中，—般会有两个甚至多个扩展句对中心思想进行论证、解释，这也就是段落的展开。段落的展开模式多种多样。这里我们着重介绍9种段落展开模式。
列举型
列举法是比较常见的段落展开法。按此类方法展开的段落中，作者会先点明主题，提出论点，然后列举一系列的论据进行陈述或解释。列举的内容可以是一系列的事物、事件、理由或者一个问题的不同方面。列举的顺序可以是时间的先后、地理位置的远近或者内容的相对重要性等。
[典例] The sentences in most well written paragraphs may be analyzed into three general functions.First，there are paragraph introducers，which are sentences that establish the topic focus of the paragraph as a whole(列举1)．Second，there are paragraph developers，which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers(列举2)．Third，there are paragraph terminators，which logically conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner(列举3)．Not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis；however，most successful paragraphs usually contain the same combination of these three sentence types.
举例型
举例法是用具体的事例来说明段落主题，也是一种常见的段落展开方法。此类段落中，作者往往开门见山，点出主题，然后列举具体事例(一个主要例子或多个相关例子)进行说明。所举事例一般较具体，可以是日常事件、现象、个人经历、名人轶事等等。
[典例] The ability to write well-organized，concise(精确的)paragraphs is essential(必要的)to a student's success in almost all university courses.In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiments，a student must present his or her findings in logical order and clear language in order to receive a favorable evaluation(评价)of his or her work(举例1)．In writing successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology(人类学)examinations，a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure(举例2)．And certainly in writing a book report for English，or a critique(评论)for political studies，or a term paper for sociology，a student must pay attention to the style and organization as well as the content(举例3)．Clearly，skill in expository writing(说明文)is crucial to successful achievements in most university subjects.
描述型
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山东省2020新高考英语大二轮总复习 第二板块 阅读理解与阅读七选五 第3讲 理清文架构——核心教案
