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Unit2 Wildlife Protection Section 2-3 重点词汇短语句型
1. reduce用法详解
(1)vt.减少,缩小(尺寸,数量,价格等)
reduce......to减少......到 reduce......by以(比例)......减少 reduced hours/prices 减少工时/减价(reduced做定语)
Costs have been reduced by 20% over the past year.过去一年, 成本已经减少了20%。 (2)vt.使沦为,使陷入(不好的境地)
be reduced to(doing)sth. 使陷入(更坏的)境地;使沦落;使陷入窘境 They were reduced to begging in the streets.他们沦落到沿街乞讨。
The attentions of the media reduced her to tears.媒体的关注把她弄哭了。 (3)vt.使简化为
reduce sth. to sth.将......概括成(或简化为)......
We can reduce the problem to two main issues.我们可以将这个问题概括成两个要点。 (4)vi.节食,减肥(=on a diet)
She has been reducing for the last few weeks.最近几个星期她一直在节食。 词语积累 reduction n.减少
特别注意 表示“减少,下降”的词语,drop,fall,lessen,decrease,cut down,bring down
2. due用法详解
(1)adj.应支付的;应有的,适当的,通常做定语。 He got his due reaward.他得到了应得的报酬。
We paid due attention to the problem.我们对此问题给予了应有的注意。 (2)adj.到期的
The bill will fall due next Monday.这张账单下星期一到期。(fall连系动词,处于......状态) (3)adj.预定的,约定的,通常做表语,后接动词原形。 be due to do sth. 预定做......
The boat is due to arrive at 12.船预计在12点到。
The train is due to leave for Shanghai at 8 o’clock.这趟列车定于8点出发上海。 (4)due to由于,作状语或表语,说明原因。
All outbound fights were canceled due to the hurricane.受飓风影响,所有出港航班都被取消了。 His success was due to the fact that he had been working hard.他的成功是由于他一直勤奋地工作。 特别注意
表示“由于,因为”介词短语:as a result of,because of,owing to,on account of 等。
3. cover用法详解
(1)vt.盖,覆盖;掩蔽;遮盖
cover......with 用......覆盖 be covered with/by被......覆盖 cover up掩盖(真相) Much of the country is covered by forest.森林覆盖着这个国家的大片土地。 She covered her face with her hands.她双手掩面。 (2)vt.包括;包含;涉及
The survey covers all aspects of the business.调查包括这家企业的各个方面。 (3)vt.足以支付;够付
100 dollars should cover your expenses.100美元该足够支付你的费用了。 (4)vt.行走(一段路程)
By sunset we had covered thirty miles.到日落时我们已走了30英里。 (5)vt.报道,电视报道
She’s covering the party’s annual conference.她正在报道这个政党的年会新闻。 词语积累 snow-covered adj.被大雪覆盖的 uncover vt.揭开;揭露
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4. in order to用法详解
in order to为了;一边,后接动词原形,表示目的。 in order(not)to do 为了(不)做......
In order to succeed,we must have a complete and thorough plan.为了成功,我们必须要有一个周密的计划。 Talk quietly in the reading room in order not to disturb others.在阅览室里,轻声说话,以免妨碍别人。 归纳拓展
in order 整齐的,井然有序的 in order+that从句 为了;以便,引导目的状语从句 易混淆辨析
in order to/so as to 易混淆词 in order to so as to One should learn from past mistakes so as to/in order to avoid falling in to the same old trap again. 要从过去的错误中汲取教训,以免重蹈覆辙。
5. look up用法详解 (1)look up 向上看
look up at ......抬头看......
The clerk looked up from his desk and frowned.办事员从办公桌上抬起头一看,皱了皱眉头。 She looked up at him and gave hime a slight smile.她望了望他,给了他一个浅浅的微笑。 (2)look up(在参考书,列表等中)查检(事实或信息)
Every student should look up all new words in his/her dictionary each day.
每个学生每天都应该在词典里查所有的生词。 (3)look up拜访,探访,看望(久未见面的人)
While he was in Chicago,Henry looked up a friend of college days.
亨利在芝加哥时,拜访了一位大学时的朋友。
(4)look up改善;好转,不及物动词短语,没有被动语态。
The trade between the two countries is looking up.两国间的贸易关系正在好转。 归纳拓展 look up to尊敬 look forward to 期望 look into 调查
look through浏览 look out注意;往外看 look after 照顾,照看 look away 不再看某人某物
6. put out用法详解
(1)put out 把......摆好;预备好(物品)
Have you put out clean towels for the guests?你为客人预备好干净毛巾没有? (2)put out 熄灭,扑灭
Firefighters soon put the fire out.消防人员很快把火扑灭了了。 (3)生产;制造(=produce)
The factory puts out 500 new cars a week.这家工厂每周生产500辆新车。 (4)出版;广播;公布(=to publish or broadcast)
Police have put out a description of the man they wish to question.警方公布了他们想要讯问的那名男子的特征。
(5)将......扔到外面;清理掉;扔掉
I forgot to put the rubbish out for collection this morning.我今天早晨忘记将垃圾放到外面让人收集了。
7. so that/in order that......引导目的状语从句
(1)目的转喻从句通常用inorder that和so that 来引导, 从句中往往含有情态动词can,may,should,could,might等。
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.讲清楚些,以便他们能理解你。
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区别 后接动词原形,表示目的,可以位于句首或句尾 后接动词原形,表示目的,只位于句尾,可与in order to 互换 Nina 3
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.他努力学习以便能考试及格。 特别注意
so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可以省略so而只用that,有时也可只用so: Bring it closer that I might see it better.拿近一些,使我能看得清楚些。
I’ll show you so you can see how it’s done.我将做给你看,以便你知道应怎样做。 (2)目的状语从句与状语短语的转换 为了简洁起见,当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语in order to或so as to替换。
He got up early so that he could catch the early bus./He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班公共汽车。
归纳拓展 in case,for fear that和lest都表示“以防”之意,表示一种否定性的目的。 The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师讲话很慢,以防我们误解他的意思。
The parents crept down the stairs for fear that they should awaken the sleeping baby.
这对父母蹑手蹑脚地下了楼,以防惊醒睡觉的孩子。
He put down his client’s address quickly lest he should forget it.他快速几下了客户的地址,以防遗忘。 特别注意
so that引导的结果状语从句与主句之间往往有逗号相隔开(即略做停顿),从句谓语不带情态动词,表示“结果......”。
He was caught in the snowstorm,so that his clothes were all wet.他遭遇了暴风雪,结果他的衣服全都湿了。
8. 语法专项突破
be+(not)being+done以及肯定式,否定式,一般和特殊疑问式 表示此时此刻正在进行的被动动作 构成和用法 表示现阶段正在进行的被动的动作
反复进行的被动的动作,表示表示赞扬等感情色彩 现在进行时的被动语态
动词短语用于该语态,其中的介词不可省略 不及物动词等不用于现在进行时的被动语态 注意事项 有些动词进行时的主动形式可表示被动的意思
be+under/in/on+名词 结构可表示正在进行时的被动含义
want等表示状态动词的一般现在时的被动语态可表示正在进行的被动动作
现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻正在进行的被动的动作。谓语动词常用及物动词或短语,常与now,at present,this month等时间状语连用。
现在进行时被动语态的构成和用法
1.现在进行时的被动语态的构成:be(not)+being+done
The bridge is being built across the river this month.这个月人们正在建横跨这条河的桥。 2.现在进行时的被动语态的形式
(1)肯定式:主语+be+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他。
Some animals are being protected well enough now.现在有些动物得到了很好的保护。 (3)否定式:主语+be+not+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他
The engineer is not being treated fairly at present.目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇。 (4)一般疑问式:Be+主语+being+及物动词过去分词+其他?
Is the life of pandas being studied by the scientists?科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗? (5)特殊疑问词:疑问词+be+主语+being+及物动词的过去分词+其他?
Which room are you vwinf interviewed in now?现在你们在哪个房间接受面试?
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3.现在进行时的被动语态的用法
(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的被动的动作
Many clothes are being washed in that laundry room.那个洗衣房里正在洗着很多衣服。 (2)表示现阶段正在进行的被动的动作。
It is reported that the tomb in Henan is stillbeing dug.据报道河南的那个墓仍然在挖掘中。 Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.这些天正在进行着许多有趣的实验。(说话时,并不一定正在进行)
(3)表示反复进行的被动的动作与always,frequently,constantly等连用,表示赞扬,厌恶等感情色彩。 What makes me angry is that the goods in my shop are always being stolen. 使我生气的是我店里的商品总是被偷走。(表示生气)
I feel very surprised that the window of our classroom is frequently being broken.
我感到很吃惊的是我们教室的那扇窗户经常被打破(表示愤怒)
现在进行时的被动语态的注意事项
1.在现在进行时的被动语态中,be(am/is/are)为第一助动词,being为第二助动词,二者缺一不可,且不可互换位置。
法律正在被修订以便更好地保障妇女和儿童的权力。
【误】The laws being revised to protect the rights of women and children better. 【正】The laws are being revised to protect the rights of women and children better.
2.take care of,look after,talk about,think of,carry out等动词短语用于现在进行时的被动语态时,其中的介词或者副词不可省略。
还在考虑生么别的事情吗?
【误】What else is being thought? 【正】What else is being thought of? 3.不及物动词(短语),非持续性动词,表示存在意义/所属关系/静态特征的动词以及系动词不用于现在进行时的被动语态。
这本书是他的
【误】The book is being belonged to him. 【正】The book belongs to him.
4.有些动词进行时的主动形式就可以表示被动的意思,常见的动词:print,cook,fry,bake,burn,hang等。
The house is burning.房子着火了。
5.“be+under/in/on+名词”的结构可以表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。
The problem is under discussion now.=The problem is being discussed now.这个问题现在正在讨论中。 The telephone is in use.=The telephone is being used.电话在使用中
Many new cars are on show.=Many new cars are being showed.许多新车正在展出。
6.有些表示状态,心理活动,情感等的动词,常用一般现在时的被动语态表示正在进行的被动动作。 Hello,Mary,you are wanted on the phone.喂,玛丽,你的电话。
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1.variety用法详解
(1)n.各种各样,多种多样
a great/wide variety of 多种多样的
The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements.这个旅馆为顾客提供了各种各样的娱乐活动。 (2)n.变化;多样化,不可数名词,其后接介词in。
Susan’s idea of freedom was to have variety in her life style. 苏珊心目中的自由就是拥有丰富多彩的生活方式。 (3)n.品种,种类
I’m always pleased to try out a new variety.我一直乐于尝试新品种。
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词语积累 (1)various adj.各种各样的 (2)vary vi.变化;相异,不同 vary from......to ......从......到......范围内变化 易混淆辨析
the variety of/a variety of 易混淆的词 the variety of a variety of 区别 ......的种类,做主语,谓语用单数 多种多样的......,谓语的单复数由of后面的名词决定 2.survive用法详解
(1)vi.生存;存活;继续生存
survive from 从......(时期)留存下来的 survive on 靠......为生(live/feed on) Of the six people injured in the crash,only two survived.因这次撞车事故受伤的六人中,只有两人活了下来。 Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 I can’t survive on 40 dollars a week.一星期40美元,我无法维持生活。 (2)vt.幸存,幸免于难;艰难度过,其后接宾语。
The company managed to survive the crisis.公司设法渡过了危机。
Many birds didn’t survive the severe winter.很多鸟没有听过这次严冬。 (3)vt.比......活(存在)的时间长(=outlive)
She survived her husband by ten years.她比丈夫多活了十年。
词语积累 survival n.生存;存活;幸存 survivor n.生存者;存活者;幸存者
3.cut down用法详解 (1)(自根基部分)砍到
It was difficult to cut the tree down with a knife.用一把刀很难把这棵树砍倒。 (2)缩小(尺寸);改小(衣服)
She is cutting down her dress for her younger sister.她正把自己的衣服改小,准备给妹妹穿。 (3)削减,其后可接介词on。
She is trying to cut down her weight.她正设法减肥。
The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking.医生劝他少喝酒。 (4)杀死(某人)(=to kill sb.)
In the old society hunger,cold and illness cut down many of the villagers. 在旧社会,饥饿,寒冷和疾病夺取了村里许多人的生命。
词语积累 cut across 抄近路穿过,走近路 cut in(on)打断(谈话);插嘴 cut off 中断(电话通话等);割掉;剪掉;隔绝 cut out 删除;删去;停止;剪下 cut up 切碎;剁碎
4.stir up用法详解 (1)激励;股东
The coach’s encouraging talk stirred up the team to win.教练的鼓动性讲话激励全队去赢得胜利。 (2)激起(感情);挑起,煽动(争执或事端)
stir up hatred 激起仇恨 stir up a debate 挑起争论
The leader was accused of using intermperate language to stir up hatred and violence. 这个领导者因为使用过激的语言煽动仇恨和暴力而受到指控。 (3)(水或空气中)搅起;吹起
The wind stirred up a lot of dust.风吹起大量尘土。
归纳拓展 stir(stirred,stirred)vt.搅动;搅合;搅拌 stir the soup/tea 搅拌汤/茶
5.emotion用法详解
n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;情绪
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