yet “已经; 还”（用于否定句或疑问句），如： Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？
I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我还没完成作业。 ※ already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”
Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历），如： I have ever been abroad. 我曾出过国。 never
never“从未；从来不”（多用于否定陈述句），常回答ever的句型。如： I have never seen him before.
----Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？ ----No, never. 不，从来不。 3．just
just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如： I have just tried to call you. 我刚刚打电话给你。 4．before
before “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应）， 如： He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.
一、重点词汇 （一） 词形转换
1. homeless(名词) homelessness 2．fair (反义词) unfair 2. excited (动词) excite (反义词) obey 4. succeed (名词) success (形容词) successful 5. French (国家) France (公民) Frenchman （二） 重点短语
1. help homeless people 帮助无家可归的人 2. in need 需要（食物和钱） 3. decide on (doing ) sth. 决定（做）某事 4. provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物 5. come for a visit 来参观；来看一看 6. be successful in (doing) sth. 成功地做了某事 7. get/find jobs 获得/ 找到工作 8. feel good about oneself 自我感觉良好 9. take drugs 吸毒
10. give sb. a good chance to do sth. 给某人做某事的一次好机会 11. end the war 结束战争
12. live a happy life 过着幸福的生活 13. smile on one’s face 脸上露出笑容 14. Project Hopes 希望工程 15. at home and abroad 在国内外 16. in poor areas 在贫困地区
17. receive a good education 受到良好的教育 二、重点句型
1. It trains them so that they can find jobs again. 培训他们以便他们能再次找到工作。 2. I think it is important for these people to feel good about themselves.
我认为对于这些人来说自我感觉良好是很重要的。 3. …, you will get used to it. …你会习惯它的。 4. You must come for a visit. 你一定来参观一下。
5. Then you can see New York for yourself. 然后你可以自己看一看纽约。 6. If anyone takes drugs or disobey the other rules, he can’t stay in the program.
如果有人吸毒或者违反其它规定，他就不可以呆在培训中心。
3. disobey 7. The money is used for children’s education in poor area.
这些资金被用来资助贫困地区儿童接受教育的。
8. With the money, it has built thousands of schools and libraries and trained 2300 teachers.
利用这些钱，希望工程建立了数以千计的学校和图书馆并且培养了2300名老师。 三、重点语言点
1. Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them. 他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。
a) once 是从属连词，表“一旦……就……”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。如：
Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up. 一旦你迷上了电脑游戏，你就很难放弃它。
Once he arrives here, he will know the whole thing. 一旦他到这儿，他就会知道整件事的。 She told him once she arrived, she would call him. 她告诉他一旦她到了，她会打电话给他。 b) decide on (doing ) sth. 决定（做）某事， 相当于 decide to do sth. 如：
They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan. 他们决定在海南度假。 = They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.
2. The government provides homeless people with nice homes.
政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。
provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 提供给某人某物
The school provided the students with food. 这所学校为学生们提供食物。 = The school provided food for the students.
3. I think it’s a wonderful place to live in. 我认为那是一个居住的好地方。
to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place. 在不定式中，如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。 如： There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的事。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。
4. It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives. 它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。
be successful in doing sth. 成功地做成某事， 相当于 succeed in doing sth. 如： He was successful in passing the exam. 他成功地通过了考试。
They were successful in climbing Mount Huang. 他们成功地登上了黄山。 5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan. 在近十六年来，希望工程已筹集了大约30亿元。 in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。如： They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.
近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500个英语单词。
You have grown up a lot in the past three years. 近三年来，你们长大了许多。 四、重点语法
（一） 直接引语和间接引语
在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.
当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。如： Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：
1． 直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。 1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。如： She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.”
→She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或 if。如： Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?”
→Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.
3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。如： Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?” →Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。如： Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→ Mother asked me to try again. “ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 2． 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。 3． 时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如： He says, “I’m tired.”→ He says he is tired.
He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→ He will say the boy was lazy.
2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。如：
He said, “I’m sorry.”→ He said he was sorry.
The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 4． 人称的变化。如：
The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.
5． 时间状语的变化。如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night;
this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week. 6． 地点状语的变化。如：here→there
7． 指示代词的变化。如：this→that; these → those 8． 动词的变化。如：come → go; bring → take （二）构词法
1. 合成词：由两个或者更多独立的单词组合成一个单词。 如： motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc. 2. 派生词：一词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词。 如： 1）常见的前缀：
dis-; un-; im- 表示“不”， 如：
dislike（不喜欢） disappear（消失） disagree （不同意）disobey（不遵守）
unhappy（不快乐） unfair（不公平） unlike（不像） unfriendly（不友好） impolite （不礼貌） impossible（不可能） re- 表示“重复”， 如：
retell（复述） review（复习） rewrite（重写） return（重返） super- 表示“超”， 如：
supermarket（超市） superman（超人） superstar（超级明星） mis- 表示“错误”， 如：
mistake（错误） misunderstand（误解） 2) 常见的后缀：
名词后缀：-er, -or; -ness; -tion; - ment 如：
worker（工人） player（选手） teacher（教师） driver（司机） visitor （参观者） inventor（发明者） translator （翻译者）
question（问题） invention （发明） education （教育） organization（组织） movement（运动 ） agreement（同意） development（发展） 形容词后缀：-ful; -ous; -less - able; -y 如：
useful （有用的） careful（认真的） helpful （有帮助的） successful（成功的） dangerous（危险的） famous （著名的） delicious （可口的） serious（严肃的） homeless （无家可归的） careless（粗心的） useless（无用的） changeable （易变的） countable（可数的）
cloudy （多云的） windy （有风的） sleepy（困倦的） rainy（下雨的）
Unit 2 Saving the earth
Topic 1 I can’t stand the environment here.
一、重点词汇
（一） 词形变换
1. produce(名词) producer 2. breathe (名词) breath 3. manage (同义词) try 4. soil (近义词) earth 5. waste (反义词) save 6. harm (形容词) harmful 7. die (名词) death (形容词) dead 8. downstairs (反义词) upstairs 9.pleasant (反义词) unpleasant 10. change (形容词) changeable （二） 重点词组
1. stand /improve / protect the environment 忍受/改善/保护环境 2. produce terrible gas 产生难闻的气味 3. manage to do sth. 设法做某事 4. in a good / bad mood 情绪好/差 5. feel uncomfortable 感到不舒适 6. pour waste into river 把废水倒入河里 7. something useful 有用的事物
8. be harmful to sb. / sth. 对某人/某物有害 9. the look of our cities 城市面貌
10. see fish swimming 看到鱼儿游来游去 11. at present 目前
12. shout at sb. 对某人大喊大叫；斥责某人 13. stop making so much noise 停止发出如此大的噪音 14. disturb others 打扰别人 15. a kind of pollution 一种污染
16. be sorry for doing sth. 对做了某事感到抱歉 17. from now on 从现在起
18. in noisy conditions 在吵杂的条件下 19. become deaf 变聋了 20. quite a few 相当多
21. no better than （几乎）与……一样差 22. cause high blood pressure 引发高血压
23. in strong, changeable light 在强烈、易变的光线下
二、 重点句型。
1. It is difficult for me to breathe. 对我来说很难呼吸。
2. ----How long have you been like this? 你处于这样的状态多久了？ ----I have been like this since last month. 自从上个月以来我一直这样。
3. It is a beautiful place with flowers and grass. 那是个有花、有草的美丽的地方。 4. All the flowers, grass and fish have gone! 所有的花、草和鱼儿都没有了！ 5. It smells terrible. 难闻极了。
6. There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river. 有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。
7. It’s our duty to protect the environment. 保护环境是我们的职责。 8. I have been at this school since last year / for one year. 自从去年，我在这个学校了。 / 我来到这个学校有一年了。
9. Noise is a kind of pollution and it is harmful to our ears. 噪音是一种污染，对我们的耳朵有害。 三、重点语言点
1. I can’t stand the environment here. 我无法容忍这儿的环境。
stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名词、代词及动名词做宾语。 如： I can’t stand that man, he talks too much. 我忍受不了那个人了，他话太多了。
Can you stand the pain? 你能忍得住痛吗？
I can’t stand waiting any longer. 我再也等不了了。 2. What do you mean by sth. ? 某物是什么意思呢?
= What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth. mean?
3. I hope I can move from here soon. 我希望我能早点从这儿搬走。
当主从句主语一致时，常可转换成不定式短语
= I hope to move from here soon. 我希望早点从这儿搬走。
4．There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river. 有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。
There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。 如： There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 5．stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事
如：It’s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper. 很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。
The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher. 学生们停止说话去听课。
6．I’m sorry for making so much noise. 很抱歉我弄出这么大的噪音。 be sorry for doing sth. 表对做过的事感到抱歉 be sorry to do sth. 表对当前的事感到抱歉
如：I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday. 很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。
I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
I’m sorry to hear that. 听到那个（消息）感到很遗憾。
7． …,not all people know that noise is also a kind of pollution. 并不是所有的人都知道噪音也是一种污染。
not 与both、all 、every 以及 every 的派生词连用时，表部分否定。 如：Not everybody knows this secret. 不是人人知道这个秘密。 Nobody knows this secret. 没有一个人知道这个秘密。
I don’t know all (of) your names. 你们的名字我并不都知道。 I know none of your names. 我不知道你们所有人的名字。
8. Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America can hear no better than 65-year-old people do,… 近来据报道，美国许多青少年的听力和65岁的老人一样差。 no better than… 表“同……(几乎)一样差; 不比……做得好”
如: Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam. 露西和莉莉考得几乎一样糟. = Lucy almost did as badly as Lily in the exam. 四、重点语法
现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用。 a)“for + 时间段” 与 “since + 时间点” 都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。 如: ----How long have you been like this?
----I have been like this since last month./ for a month. ----How long have you lived in Changle?
----I have lived in Changle for ten years / since ten years ago.
b) 如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。 如：I bought this TV three days ago.= I have had this TV for three days.
His cat died yesterday.= His cat has been dead since yesterday. ※ 常见的非延续性动词转换成延续性动词如下：
come—be here; go—be there; close—be closed; open—be open; buy—have; borrow —keep; leave—be away; begin—be on; finish—be over; die—be dead etc.
Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth?
一、重点词汇 （一）词形变换
1. none (反义词) all 2. both (反义词) neither 3. rubbish (同义词) litter
4． teal (过去式) stole (过去分词) stolen 5. spit (过去式；过去分词) spat
6. behave (名词) behavior 7. prevent (同义词) stop 8. although (同义词) though 9. pollute (句词) pollution 10. completely (形容词) complete （二）重点词组
仁爱英语九年级上册语言知识点汇编
