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病原生物学病例讨论第二部分
(八年制临床医学专业使用) 上海交通大学医学院病原生物学教研室
病例一
张某,男,47岁,山西清徐县人,农民。因经常咳嗽以及咳血痰近4个月,大便有时呈黑便,消瘦一个月余入院治疗。经当地卫生院检查先后拟诊为“支气管炎”“缺铁性贫血,胃癌?”治疗2个月余终不见好转。平素身体健康,无生食史,但有吸烟史。
胃镜检查:食管 正常,胃部至胃窦部可见散在出血点,新旧交替;粘膜表面发现有大量约0.5~1.0 cm 淡红色的寄生虫吸附,活检取出活虫10条,在出血点周围的炎症处取出活组织2块送病理检查。
体检及化验:贫血外貌,血色素105g/L,红细胞计数2.6×10 /L(260万/mm),白细胞计数1.04×10 /L(10400/mm ),出凝血时间正常,大便黑褐色,隐血“+++ ”,红细胞“+”,涂片发现少许某寄生虫虫卵。腹软有明显压痛,肝胆未及。
1. 解释本病例中所有的症状和体征。
2. 胃镜检查的结果中可提供哪些重要线索?病理检查可能会出现哪些结果? 3. 诊断为肠道寄生虫病的主要依据是什么?应该确诊为哪种肠道寄生虫病? 4. 卫生院拟诊为“缺铁性贫血、胃癌”有何依据? 病例二
吴××,男,28岁,因腹痛,腹泻5天就诊。
病史:患者于一个月前外出旅游,曾在当地饮食摊就餐多次。 5天前,患者突感右下腹疼痛,腹泻,大便每日10余次,为脓血粘液便,量大,腥臭,伴明显里急后重感,曾自行口服黄连素止泻,腹泻无好转。患者自觉乏力,无发热。小便正常,睡眠尚可。既往身体健康,无慢性腹泻史,无药物过敏史。
体检:T36.9℃, P 86次/分,R 20次/分,Bp 120/80mmHg,无皮疹和出血点,浅表淋巴结未触及,巩膜不黄,咽(-),心肺(-),腹平软,右下腹轻压痛,无肌紧张和反跳痛,未触及肿块,肝脾未触及,腹水征(-),肠鸣音稍活跃,下肢不肿。
化验:大便常规为粘液脓血便,镜下红细胞数增高,有时可见堆积成团,明显高于白细胞。粪便涂片检查,发现具有活动性的滋养体,尿常规(-)。
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问题:
1.根据上述病史,写出诊断及诊断依据。
2.写出该病与常见的菌痢的主要鉴别诊断(列出两者的主要鉴别点)。 3.写出该病的治疗原则。
病例三
周XX,女性,70岁,农民,安徽霍邱人。因纳差、乏力、上腹不适、反复黑便2月于2007-08-02入院。上腹不适多于进食后缓解,黑便多为成形黑便,每日一到二次。
外院病历显示:大便隐血阳性,HB:51g/L,胃镜示浅表-萎缩性胃炎,经抑酸、止血处理后上腹部不适好转,但血红蛋白下降至36g/L。
年轻时喜食生米。既往曾因“贫血”在当地医院就诊,予驱虫治疗,具体不详。否认其他病史。
体格检查:T:36.4o C P: 80次/分,R:20次/分,BP:110/60mmhg,贫血貌,其他无明显阳性体征。
2007-08-03
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血常规:HB:38g/L,RBC:2.05 ×10/L, MCV(平均红细胞体积):66.8fl(正常值:93.28fl)。
粪常规:黄色,隐血阳性。
肝功能:总蛋白:57g/L,白蛋白:32g/L,余正常。乙肝两对半、甲肝抗体、戊肝抗体均为阴性,CEA、AFP、Ca199均阴性。
初步诊断:下消化道出血
诊断依据: 外院胃镜未见出血病灶 出血原因:① 下消化道肿瘤 ② 下消化道血管病变 ③ 炎症性肠病 2007-08-06 肠镜
回肠末端见多条长约5-10mm白色线状虫体,活动,回盲瓣局部粘膜红肿。 病理:(回盲瓣)肠粘膜慢性炎,间质内见嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。 2007-08-07 胃镜
食管未见异常,胃粘膜贫血相,十二指肠球部未见溃疡,降部见数条白色线状虫体,性状同肠镜下所见。
2007-08-09粪便找到钩虫卵,未查见其他虫卵及阿米巴原虫。 入院后予抑酸、止血、输血治疗。 2007-08-07开始驱虫治疗
甲苯咪唑:0.2 一日两次,口服。同时予铁剂、维生素C治疗贫血。 治疗结果:患者纳差、乏力明显改善 2007-08-13复查血常规:
HB:66g/L,RBC:2.95*1012/L,MCV:75.6fl,网织红细胞:1.90%。 2007-08-14
胃镜复查:十二指肠降部未见寄生虫。
问题:
1.该病例在外院治疗有什么教训可吸取?
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2.为什么该病例初步诊断是“下消化道出血”? 3.为什么肠镜检查时会在回肠未端显示有钩虫寄生?
病例四
A 3-year-old girl was brought to the emergency department.of a general hospital following a 3-week history of nausea, poor appetite, and abdominal pain. She had not had any bowel movements for the last 2 days.
The patient was of Mexican origin and had recently moved from Mexico with her mother to South Texas.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
VS: T 37℃, P 110/min, R20/min, BP 102/54mmHg
PE :Young child in moderate distress due to abdominal pain. Abdomen was distended and mildly tender.
LABORATORY STUDIES
Blood
Hematocrit: 38% WBC: 4500/μL
Differential: 62% PMNs, 23% lymphs, 12% eosinophils(eosinophilia) Serum chemistries: Normal Imaging
X-rays of her abdomen were consistent with intestinal obstruction. Diagnostic Work-Up
Table 49-1 lists the likely causes of illness (differential diagnosis). Intestinal worm infection was considered based on clinical features and x-ray evidence. Diagnosis is confirmed by identification of ova and parasites by microscopy of trichrome- or iodine-stained concentrated fecal specimens. TABLE49-1 Differential Diagnosis and Rationale for Inclusion (consideration) Appendicitis
Intestinal helminth infection Ascaris lumbricoides Schistosoma spp Taenia spp
Trichuris trichiura
Small bowel obstruction from volvulus
Rationale: Abdominal symptoms with eosinophilia have a relatively limited differential, mainly parasitic infection. The various causes can be reliably determined only through stool examination for ova and parasites. Noninfectious causes may also cause similar symptoms but will not demonstrate eosinophilia.
COURSE
The patient was admitted to the hospital and put on intravenous hydration. Stool examination revealed characteristic nematode eggs. 病例五
A 36-year-old man presented to the emergency department of a general hospital with a 10-day history of intermittent diarrhea and tenesmus, with blood and mucus visible in the stool.
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He had just returned from a working trip to India, where he had visited a rural town in the last week of his trip.
PYSICAL EXAMINATION
VS: T 38.8℃, P 96/min, R 16/min, BP 130/80 mmHg
PE: Ill-appearing male in mild distress; abdominal exam revealed mild diffuse tenderness, and rectal exam was positive for blood.
LABORATORY STUDIES Blood
Hematocrit: 44% WBC: 11,600/μL
Differential: 72% PMNs, 20% lymphs Serum chemistries: Normal Imaging
Sigmoidoscopic examination revealed multiple small hemorrhagic areas with ulcers. Diagnostic Work-up
Table 46-1 lists the likely causes of illness (differential diagnosis). A clinical diagnosis of dysentery was considered. Investigational approach may include
? Enteric (bacterial) cultures
? Stool antigen test for amebic agent
? Microscopic (ova and parasite) examination
Table 46-1 Differential Diagnosis and Rationale for Inclusion (consideration)
Dysentery syndrome: Entamoeba histolytica
Enterioinvasive Escherichia coli Salmonella spp Shigella dysenteriae Yersinia enterocolitica
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: The dysentery syndrome can be caused by multiple pathogens, and stool studies are required to definitively diagnose them. However, epidemiology (history of exposure) can be helpful. E. coli (amebic dysentery) and S. dysenteriae (bacillary dysentery), two of the most common colonic ulcerative diseases, are much more common in developing countries than in the Western hemisphere, and recent travel history should be obtained to rule out these diseases. IBD should always be considered, although after infectious etiologies have been ruled out.
COURSE
The patient was admitted to the hospital for observation. Microscopic examination of his stool showed many WBCs and RBCs. Microscopic examination of fixed and stained stool specimens subsequently revealed a significant pathogen. 食源性感染寄生虫 病例六
张××,男,40岁,吉林人,湖北省襄樊市某汽车制造厂工人。二周前感觉胃肠不适,近几天发现眼脸部肿胀,并逐发展为脸部肌肉有肿胀感,全身肌肉酸痛,发烧。三天前在厂
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医院就治,服用黄连素和克感敏3天,不见症状缓解。近日因全身肌肉酸痛加剧,吞咽困难,体温明显升高而入院治疗。
询问病史中发现,在感觉胃肠不适前几天与同事在一饭店吃过火锅,食入猪、牛、羊等,在吃火锅的同事中也有人出现类似症状。
体检:体温在38oC~39.5oC之间,咽喉部无炎症,心率90次/分左右,无杂音,肺部(—)。腹软,肝不肿大、无明显压痛。四肢肌肉和脸部肌肉有明显压痛,但未见有包块。
化验:血常规WBC 19200,中性粒细胞50%,淋巴细胞32%,嗜酸性粒细胞18%。尿常规正常,粪检未查见虫卵。
问题:
1.根据上述病史、体检及化验结果,你怀疑患者是什么病? 2.要确诊此病,你认为还应当作哪些检查?
3.可采取什么治疗方法缓解病情,以进一步确诊疾病? 病例七
患者刘某,男,50岁,浙江义乌县防疫站医师。病人主诉是:因间歇性咳嗽1个月余伴右侧胸痛1周,加重3d为,于1996年5月2日急诊入院。住院后发热1天、咳嗽气促胸痛,嗜酸性粒细胞增多。初诊为右胸膜炎,经抗感染、海群生治疗病情好转。6月初突然痰中带血丝、伴有盗汗,发现胸腔有胸水,施胸腔穿刺术,抽出淡黄色液体300ml,胸水涂片检出抗酸分枝杆菌,结核菌PCR检测阳性。既往史从事血吸虫病、肺吸虫病流行病学调查及病原体分离工作20年;有食腌蟹、腌虾等习惯。
给予吡喹酮4800mg,辅以口服异烟肼、乙胺丁醇并肌注链霉素半个月,病情缓解,体症消失而出院。
1. 根据本病人的症状,考虑产生病症的主要疾病是什么?诊断依据是什么? 2.本病例突然发现胸腔有积水,提示哪些疾病的可能性较大? 3.本病患者从事的工作可以高度怀疑可能的是那种寄生虫病? 4.该病人住院半月出院,在疾病治疗上应还须注意什么问题? 病例八
患者黄某,男性,29岁,湖南韶山人。以畏寒,发热伴乏力1周为主诉入院。患者于1周前因饮少量啤酒后感到上腹部不适,饱胀感;当晚出现畏寒、发热,体温达38℃,无咳嗽、胸痛及咯血等症状。住院后以上呼吸道感染进行对症治疗而无效。血象常规检查,嗜酸性粒细胞0.33,患者于10年前患甲肝已治愈,入院后给予抗炎抗过敏治疗,初步诊断为“嗜
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