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10. Marison was a scientist of unusual _______ and imagination who had startling succeeded in discerning new and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.
(A) restiveness (B) perspicacity (C) precision (D) aggression (E) candor (F) insight 11. It is assumed that scientists will avoid making ______ claims about
the results of their experiments because of the likelihood that they will be exposed when other researchers cannot duplicate their findings. (A) hypothetical (B) fraudulent (C) verifiable (D) radical (E) deceptive (F) evaluative
12. As early as the seventeenth century, philosophers called attention to the ______ character of the issue, and their twentieth-century counterparts still approach it with uneasiness. (A) absorbing (B) unusual (C) complicated (D) auspicious (E) involved (F) fanciful
13. The value of Davis’ sociological research is compromised by his unscrupulous tendency to use materials selectively in order to substantiate his own claims, while ______ information that points to other possible conclusions. (A) deploying (B) disregarding (C) weighing (D) refuting (E) emphasizing (F) discounting
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage.
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible
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wavelength, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society?
Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18 ℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the
temperature increases by about 6 ℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15 ℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5 ℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5 ℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important,
because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelength. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.
14. according to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is (A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum (B) concentrated at visible wavelengths (C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules (D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor (E) reflected back to space by snow and ice
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15. according to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs which of the following functions
(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths (B) absorbing infrared radiation
(C) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
16. select a sentence in the third or the last paragraph which indicts the premise of the mathematical model mentioned in the passage?
17. When school administrators translate educational research into a standardized teaching program and mandate its use by teachers, students learn less and learn less well than they did before, even though the teachers are the same. The translation by the administrators of theory into prescribed practice must therefore be flawed.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
A. teachers differ in their ability to teach in accordance with standardized programs.
B. the educational research on which the standardized teaching programs are based is sound. C. researchers should be the ones to translate their own research into teaching programs. D. the ways in which teachers choose to implement the programs are ineffective. E. the level of student learning will vary from state to state.
18. A common defense of sport hunting is that it serves a vital wildlife-management function, without which countless animals would succumb to starvation and disease. This defense leads to the overly hasty conclusion that sport hunting produces a healthier population of animals.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the author’s claim that sport hunting does not necessarily produce a healthier population of animals?
A. for many economically depressed families, hunting helps keep food on the table. B. wildlife species encroach on farm crops when other food supplies become scarce. C. overpopulation of a species causes both strong and weak animals to suffer. D. sport hunters tend to pursue the biggest and healthiest animals in a population.
E. many people have strong moral objections to killing a creature for any reason other than self-defense.
For Questions 19 to 20, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.
19. (i)_________ thinkers are often accused by more (ii)___________ thinkers of building castles in the air based more on lofty ideals and (iii)___________ than on a solid foundation in reality.
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Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii) (A) maturation (D) nomadic (G) a relatively inhospitable climate (B) genesis (E) nascent (H) an idyllic environment (C) demise (F) hospitable (I) a pastoral area
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新GRE模考题讲课讲稿
