英美概况个人整理资料
政治部分
一、翻译
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PREAMBLE
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
前言
在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。
A FORMAL DECLARATION OF WAR
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
因此，我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布：我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家； 我们取消对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支援这一宣言.
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Give me liberty,or give me death
It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
企图使事态得到缓和是徒劳的。各位先生可以高喊：和平！和平！但根本不存在和平。战斗实际上已经打响。从北方刮来的风暴将把武器的铿锵回响传到我们耳中。我们的弟兄已经奔赴战场！我们为什么还要站在这里袖手旁观呢？先生们想要做什么？他们会得到什么？难道生命就这么可贵，和平就这么甜蜜，竟值得以镣铐和奴役作为代价？全能的上帝啊，制止他们这样做吧！我不知道别人会如何行事；至于我，不自由，毋宁死！
二、概念 P307-P330
1.Three main principles
a.Federalism
b.the Separation of powers
c.the respect for the American Constitution
2.The procedure of the amendment
a.Two-thirds of both houses shall think it necessary b.Then it should be ratified by three-fourths of the state.
实例：Then in 1791,the first ten amendment were made,This is the well-known”Bill of Rights”.
3.The separation of powers---------Checks and Balance
a.The legislature branch-------Congress Senate i. 100 senators ii. six years
iii. President of senate(Vice-president of the United States)
The House of Represents
i. 435 congressmen ii. Two years
iii.The speaker of the House
The outstanding characteristics is that the Vice-president of the United States is the Ex-officio president of the Senate.
b.The Executive Branch and The President
President ------ cabinet -------Vice-president + 15 departments c.The Judiciary and Legal System
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The U.S Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other Judges,all called Associate Justice.
4.Political Parties and Elections
a. Thomas Nast drew a political picture with a donkey representing the Democratic Party and elephant representing the Republican Party.
b.the member of Democratic Party called Democrats the member of Republic Party called republicans c.choosing the candidates -------- primary elections d.Election of the President
The number of“electors”from each state is equal to that of its senators and representatives in Congress.So there are altogether in the country 538 presidential electors,535 for the
States,(435 plus 100) and 3 for the District of Columbia(without seats in Congress). e.Winner-take-all
If the candidates of a party for “electors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote,then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state,even though a presidential candidate receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that state.This system is known as the “winner-take-all”.
地理部分
一、五大湖的名称及各大地形填图
历史部分
一、Territory
In 1803 , Louisiana , purchase , European War , from Napoleon I In 1819 , Florida , , ,from Spanish In 1845 , Texas , annex , U.S-Mexico War , from Mexico In 1867 , Alaska , purchase , , from Russia In 1889 , Hawaiian , the last state of America
二、Eight Regions
1.The New England Region (6)
Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island and Connecticut 缅因州，新汉普郡，佛蒙特州，马萨诸塞州，罗德岛州，康涅狄格州 2.The Middle Atlantic Region (6) 3.The South Region (11) 4.The Midwest Region (8) 5.The Region of the Great Plains (6) 6.The West Region (11) 7.Alaska 8.Hawaii
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大学英美概况整理资料
