2. The Victorian novelists
The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre类型 during the Victorian age
First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public
Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries
Third, writing had become a profession
Fourth, there was a large idle空闲的 class who needed recreation and entertainment
Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty贫穷 in the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations rather than sermons 说教given in the church. the novels were used as a tool to
Finally, the feminist男女平等主义 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel. The struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循环的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.
The common features of the Victorian novels
1. The plot is unfolded 展现against a social background. The Victorian
novels reflect the complexity 复杂性of human relations in a capitalist
society and reveal the writer’s attitude towards the society.
2. the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the central character,
3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by
installment安装, before they were fully published in a single book. 4. the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教
徒 of the Victorian age 5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many
writers wrote with a purpose to edify开到 readers and to bring about
reforms.
In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed (though they may depreciate) in the production process. Capital goods may be acquired with money or financial capital.Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply, demand and price are mostly set
by market forces rather than economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses. Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation
3.in the 19-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)：he was the greatest representative of English
critical realism. And William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威
廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷 Dickens and Thackeray were contemporaries.Similarities:Both humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically嘲讽的。在使小说回返自然和真实这一点上，萨克雷是英国小说家中影响最大的一位。Different life Differences in writings
1. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats贵族 and rich businessmen, that is, people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his description o the underdogs受压迫者 and unprivileged平穷的.
2. Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于
himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. Thackeray was a cynic愤世嫉俗者 who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature. On the whole he preserved detachmen分离t, and he always held himself under control.
3. Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his
imagination. Thackeray was against affectation假装. His cynical attitude
towards life explains the fact that most of his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.
3．The Victorian poets
The Novel was the predominating占支配优势 genre类型 of literature in the Victorian age. There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.
Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) Robert Browning (1812-1889)他们两个最具代表性Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) ，Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
th
They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age. The conflicts at that time:
The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor
The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science. All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual life for centuries. Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle and unrest. . 2.Writers
Charles Dickens 1812-1870
He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late work Initiation novel. His artistic techniques:
1. Dickens has a tendency to depict描绘 the grotesque荒唐的 (very odd奇
怪的 or unusual, fantastically奇异的 ugly or absurd荒谬的) characters or events. Most of Dickens’s characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own.
2. Dickens loves to instil灌输l life into inanimate无生气的 things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.
3. Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄惨的 scenes that aim to
arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive与众不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.
4. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.
5. 主要作品：Pickwick Papers匹克威克传，Oliver Twist雾都孤儿， The
old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣诞欢歌，Dombey and son董贝父子，david copperfield大卫科波菲尔，hard times艰难时世，a tale of two cities双城记，great expectation远大前程。In 双城记，the two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艰难时运makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生观 6. 课文节选
Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克传
Oliver twist 雾都孤儿：this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called ―Philanthropists‖慈善事业。
William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷 课文节选：
The vanity fair名利场：its sub-title is a novel without a hero. the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亚。赛迪尼And Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。
George eliot乔治。艾略特
Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans玛丽。安埃。文斯。主要作品：Adam Bede亚当比德，The mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊，silas marner织工马南。 作品特色：1，her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.
课文节选：Adam bede亚当比德：主要人物：Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂苏洛：adam最初喜欢的人，arthur donnithorne亚瑟。唐尼桑恩：海蒂喜欢的人，Seth赛斯: adam’s brother, Dinah Morris:戴娜。莫里斯：seth喜欢的人，同时也是adam 最后喜欢的人。
Charlotte bronte(1816—1855) and emily bronte(1818—1848)
夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米丽。勃朗特 Charlotte bronte:主要作品：the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette维莱特.
emily bronte主要作品：wuthering heights呼啸山庄：it is influenced both by the Romantic Movement as well as Gothic writing.
The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion. It is not to be judged by its moral context背景. Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue. How passion works in human beings. Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence
Thrush画眉鸟: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.
Her mentality心态 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for. Complex structure, layers层面板 of narration叙述 Wuthering Height: Class distinction: emphasis decency庄重, respect
课文节选：jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物：lockwood洛兹伍德，Heathcliff西斯克里夫，catherine，Hindley辛迪尼。
Thomas hood（1799—1845）托马斯。胡德
Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events and manners.主要作品：the princess, in memorian悼念：是为了悼念朋友hallam而写 ,Idylls of the king国王叙述诗 课文节选：the song of the shirt衬衫之歌：this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life of the british seamstresses.女裁缝。The bridge of sighs叹息桥
Alfred， Lord Tennyson艾尔弗雷德.丁尼生（1809—1892）
He is the representative of Victorianism. His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.
课文节选：Ulysses尤利西斯：A Greek hero
If life is not without experience, struggle. It is not life at all. A typical ambition of Victorian age, a confidence. The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world. The poet expresses this through the image of Ulysses.
Break ,break ,break 碎了，碎了，碎了：把自己痛失密友的悲伤之情同渔家子女的嬉戏和少年水手的歌唱等天真快乐对比，并同撞击海岸那无情的海浪以及驶入港湾那冷漠的航船进行对照，书法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar过沙洲：注重本能和自然
Robert Browning 1812-1889 代表作：the ring and the book指环与书
Dramatic monologue独白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience. In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives
dramatic monologue . It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker. He utters at the critic moment.
--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people. We can feel the presence of the auditor. We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.
--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the speaker.
课文节选：My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara费拉拉
An image of a lively young lady. Dramatic situation which reveal the
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
