(Of Truth,谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书)
Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17
世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期
1. Historical Background
1) English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命
During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development. James I (Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface. James I imposed担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product__monopoly垄断, but people believed in free trade
King VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)
2) the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans
Charles I was beheaded砍头. After the civil War, the parliament was in power—Crowell克罗韦尔 became the Lord君主 Protector (1653) Charles II, and restoration, James II
William Orange singed ― The Bill of Rights‖ which greatly restricted约束 the power of the English King. The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.
The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak
2，literature
这一时期的四约翰（John Milton弥尔顿，John Bunyan班扬，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄学派 and French drama的影响成为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言. 2. Writers
John Donne:玄学派代表人物
John Milton： Paradise Lost失乐园：consists of 12 books（it’s based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亚当 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot）The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is
mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毁灭 by the flaw缺点 of slef-love.
1. his good mastery熟练 of Latin
His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2. revolutionary enthusiasm
His attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedom His language
--Long, complex sentence structures
--Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神话 --Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end. Some are inverted John Bunyan
The book: The pilgrim’s Progress天路历程，it’s written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦的形式。In the Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction毁灭城. The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒. Christ基督---Vanity虚荣心 Fair---Heaven Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣经的 ― The Vanity虚荣心 Fair,‖ an Excerpt摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress
Part VI The 18 Century
The Age of Enlightenment in England英国启蒙运动时期
1. Historical Background
In 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy君主制. The monarch was deprived剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament议会 became the actual leader of the country. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.
Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派辉格党, the conservative Tory保守派托利党， on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝
All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings. People desire peace and stability
Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性The puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive过度的 zeal热情 and subversion颠覆,
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irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒谬. People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.
Moderation温和, tolerance宽容, restraint约束, rule规则, order次序, these qualities are the most important.
With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone经历 remarkable changes. Some special features: 1) political writings
2) newspapers and journals杂志 3) coffeehouse
4) the new morality道德
5) science and technology
Newton牛顿’s scientific discovery—men were living in a mechanistic机械地 world which ran as precisely精确地 as a clock. 6) the French influence
18世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文prose而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义，小说是主要的文学样式 Authors
1. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔。笛福
作者介绍：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。
Work：Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂: a set of doggerel verses打油诗 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此书根据Alexander Selkirk经历改编.
The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗 2. Jonathan swift乔纳森。斯威夫特
1） life: He was born in Dublin都柏林（爱尔兰首都），He was the most
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remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18 century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容，he supports the conservative Tory 2） works:
the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.
Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记：包括4部分1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2， tBrobdingnagians伯罗白丁拉格人：giants, 3， the
flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飞岛：on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聪明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人，行为丑陋
A modest proposal一个小小的建议：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主
3）Joseph Addison约瑟夫。爱迪生
Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作为The Tatler闲谈者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁观者得合办者，他把期刊散文艺术发展到极致。这两本杂志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers. Sir Roger是他塑造的经典形象。 4) Henry Fielding亨利。菲尔丁：英国十八世纪最伟大的小说家。主要作品：Jonathan Wild乔纳森。威尔德，the history of tom jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆。琼斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亚
5）Thomas Gray托马斯。格雷：浪漫主义运动的先驱。主要作品：Elegy written in a country churchyard墓园挽歌：表达了对农民贫苦遭遇的同情，歌颂了他们的质朴品质。前几句是：the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea…..
6)Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗。歌尔德斯密斯：he was born in Ireland. As an essayist散文家，he is among the best in the century. As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄双行体 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品：novel：the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师，comedy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全，essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村
7）Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。谢里丹：主要作品：讽刺喜剧：the rivals对手，the school for scandal造谣学校：(presents a brilliant portrayal描绘 of england’s high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age.主要人物：Charles查尔斯，Joseph约瑟夫：charles’brother, sir oliver surface奥利弗。萨费恩：their wealthy uncle) 8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)
1) Life
He lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.
His visionary梦想的 experience:
Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques
He believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议 2) His work
Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight
Songs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑 They show two contrary states of human souls
London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….
It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家 Background: industrial revolution, the fog city
The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.
The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..
It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s best known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator
1. The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger. Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔
The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered
The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring‖ weep, weep‖ in notes of woe!
The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney
9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠
Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor.
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
