初中英语被动语态的用法详解
一、被动语态的结构
主动语态(The Active Voice)表示主语是动作的执行者。 被动语态(The Passive Voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词. 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 一般将来时：shall /will be +过去分词 现在完成时：have /has been +过去分词 现在进行时：am/is/are+being+过去分词. 过去将来时：should /would be +过去分词.
含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+be+过去分词. 二、被动语态的用法
1)当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。 2)当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3)如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。 主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
三、主动语态变为被动语态的情况 1)主语+谓语动词+宾语
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(主动)We bought a book yesterday. (被动)The book was bought yesterday. 2)主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
(主动)He showed me a book yesterday. (被动)I was showed a book yesterday. (被动)The book was showed to me yesterday.
3)主语+谓语动词+复合宾语
含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。
(主动)I found him a good pupil. (宾语补足语) (被动)He was found a good pupil. (主语补足语)
4)短语动词变为被动语态
有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。
(主动)We should look after the patients very well.(被动)The patients should be looked after very well by us.
5)宾语从句变为被动语态
若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。 It’s said that he passed the exam.
6)被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：
(1)不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。
(主动)The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. (被动)The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
(2)当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。使役动词make have let，感官动词see watch notice hear feel等。
(主动)They make do all the work. (被动)We were made to do all the work.
(主动)We often hear her sing English songs. (被动)She is often heard to sing English songs. (主动)I see him walk to school. (被动)He is seen to walk to school.
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初中英语定语从句的用法详解
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例
如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.
例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代
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词时,只能用that,而不用which.
例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.
例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.
例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that. 例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.
例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。 例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。
例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
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(word完整版)初中英语被动语态和定语从句的用法详解
