.
His car was caught in the traffic jam ,causing him to be late. 他的车陷入了交通堵塞，结果引起他迟到了。
He dropped a plate on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 他把盘子掉在地上，结果摔碎了。
At the age of three his parents died, leaving him an orphan. 三岁的时候他父母去世了，留下他一个孤儿。
He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold. 他撞上了雨，结果使他感冒了。
.He didn' t come today, making it necessary for us to find someone to do his work. 他今天没来，因而我们必须找人干他的工作。
对比：不定式作结果状语
He made a long speech, only to show his ignorance。 他发表了长篇大论，结果显示出他的无知。 He lifted up a stone only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。
He went to the seaside only to be drowned。他到海边去结果淹死了。
Yesterday a street -beggar bought a lottery ticket , to make him a millionaire overnight .
昨天一个街头乞丐无意买了一张彩票结果使他一夜间成了一个百万富翁。
巩固练习
1)The storm left , a lot of damage to this area .(2005年全国Ⅰ卷) A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
2)European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
Step3 分词的形式
A.分词的一般式和完成式
温馨提示：1：现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生， 现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时,两个动作几乎同时发生时，用现在分词的一般式。
2.分词的的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，用现在分词的完成时作状语。 把下列状语从句改成分词形式： 1.因为他晚饭吃得太多，他睡不着。
As he had eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep. =Having eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep. 2. 他把窗户关上后就回家了。
After he closed the windows, he went home.。 =Having closed the windows, he went home。 3.因为听到了奇怪的声音，他走出房间看看。
After he heard a strong sound, he went out of the room for a look. .
.
= Hearing a strange sound, he went out of
3. Because he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week.
=Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week. 因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。
例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们说说笑笑地向公园走去。 Hearing the news ,he couldn’t help laughing .听到这个消息，他禁不住笑了。 Having finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完了作业，他就去睡觉了。 Having waited for half an hour,I became a little impatient. 等了半小时，我有点不耐烦了。
Having turned off the TV, he began to go over his lessons. 把电视关掉后，他开始复习功课。
Having put up the tent,they started to cook supper. 搭好帐篷后，他们开始做晚饭。
小结：是否用分词的完成式要看动词是否存在明显的先后关系。 二．现在分词的被动式
被动一般式 being done 一般做后置定语，表示正在被做的动作 被动完成式 having been done
把下列句子改成分词形式
1.这本书在被翻译成多种语言后在全世界有名了。
This book become well known all over the world after it had been translated into many different languages. =Having been translated into many different languages, this book become well known all over the world .
2. This is one of the new supermarkets in our city,which is being built at present. =This is one of the new supermarkets being built at present. in our city. 这是我们城市正在建的超市之一。
3.Though he had been defeated many times , he didn’t lose heart. =Having been defeated many times , he didn’t lose heart. 尽管被打败多次，但是他没有气馁。 例如：
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine. 被告诉了很多遍，他能够操作机器了。
Having been warned several times , the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被警告过多次，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评后，他戒烟了。
三．分词的否定形式
分词的否定式，由not/never+分词构成，即not doing ,not having done ,no having been done
.
.
把下列句子改成分词形式
1. 因为他没有收到回音，所以决定再写一封信。
As he didn’t receive a reply, he decided to write another letter. =Not having received a reply, he decided to write another letter. 2.因为我不知道他的地址，所以不能和他取得联系。
As we didn’t know his address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. =Not knowing his phone number, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
例如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again. 没有听到这个消息，我又给他写了信。
Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help. 不知道怎么解决这个数学题，我向老师求助。
Not recognized his voice, she refused to give the person her address. 没有听出他的声音，他拒绝把她的地址给这个人。
Not having received an answer, I decided to pay a visit to him. 没有收到一个答复，我决定去拜访他。 E.现在分词的省略形式 有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。时间关系的连接短语有时还可以由连接词while或when引导。
温馨提示：当状语从句用省略的时候，一般要具备两个条件：状语从句的主语和主句的主语要一致且状语从句的谓语含有be。当具备这两个条件后，状语从句若用省略时，一般同时省略两部分：状语从句的主语；状语从句谓语中的be。 While (he was) playing football, he had his leg broken. 当他踢足球时，腿折了。
When （he was ）asked why he was late ,the boy told a lie. 当被问及他为什么迟到的时候，这个男孩撒了谎。
While lying in bed, he listened to some music.他躺在床上听音乐。
He looked through a newspaper while having breakfast.吃早饭时他翻阅报纸。 When playing the piano ,she got excited.在弹钢琴时，她变得很激动。 Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
Step4非谓语作状语的解题总方法与思路：
1.先看四个答案：如果四个答案分别为动词原形、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等情况，那么这个题多半是非谓语动词题。 2.看符号：中间有个逗号，末尾有个句号。 3.看有没有连接词（引导词）。如果用逗号隔开的两个部分都没有连接词的话，一部分是句子时，那么另一部分就一定是非句子，而非句子里的动词就是非谓语动词。在“句子，非句子”结构中，非句子部分用非谓语：
如： The teacher devoted his life to his career, ______ most of his students successful in study.
.
.
A. make B. to make C. making D. made 在“非句子，句子”结构中，非句子部分用非谓语：
_________with children, I know what is needed most. A. Working B. Having worked C. Worked D. To work
4.定语态：如果本句的主语（或动词自带的逻辑主语）与它是逻辑上的主谓关系，那么答案一般用Ving形式；如果本句的主语（或动词自带的逻辑主语）与它是逻辑上的动宾关系（被动关系），那么答案一般用Ved形式。
5.定时态：如果非谓语的动作比谓语先（或先很久）发生，有明显的先后顺序，那么非谓语动词要用完成式，否则我们要用非谓语的一般式
解题原则（高考真题分析） 原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词，有连接词就要用句子。
例1. _________ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D. Though he had been told
例2．_________ many times, he still couldn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D. Though he had told
解析：例1中有连词but连接，表明前后都是句子，所以答案为C。
例2中后面是一个句子，而且没有连词，所以前面不是句子，应该用
非谓语动词，根据句意此处为被动，所以答案为A。
温馨提示：在“句子, and/or +句子” 的并列句结构中，可能会考查“以动词原形开头”的祈使句，四个答案表面上象非谓语，其实考查的是谓语。 1） ______hard and you will succeed in the exam. 2）).______hard or you will fail in the exam.
A. Study B. To study C. Studying D. Studied 3）____some of this juice, perhaps you’ll like it A. Trying B, Try C, To try D. Have tried 4）_____at the door before entering please. A. Knock B. Knocking C. To knock D. Kocked
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式的非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，
无宾语时用-ed形式。
Seated at the back of the classroom, he kept still. 坐在教室后面，他一动不动。
There are three reading rooms in our new library, seating about four hundred students in all. 在我们新图书馆有三个阅览室，能容纳400个学生就坐。
Seating himself/Seated (＝Sitting) in the room, he is absorbed in reading. 坐在房间里，他专心看书。
例3. ____________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved
by the local police.
.
.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 解析：lose为及物动词，现在后面没有宾语，所以用-ed形式，答案为B。
原则三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前。 例4. （08重庆卷）_ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
解析：根据句意“我们没有打通电话，就给他们发了个邮件”，没有打通电话
应该发生在发邮件之前，所以用having done，答案为D。
原则四.非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。 例5．（09北京卷） ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语the postman一致，the postman应该是被咬，所以答案为B。
例6 .（08安徽卷）_______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系，所以答案为B。
例7 . （04全国II） While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
解析：根据“非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致”的原
则，watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致，所以句子主语应为“we”，答案为C。
例8. [2007 重庆卷] The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________ in the breeze
A. was flowing B. flowing C. flowed D. having flowed
解析：本题没有连词，所以后面应用非谓语动词，her long hair是非谓语动词的
逻辑主语，和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。所以答案为B。
原则五、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语（表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式）。 例9.（04福建） The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析：本句句意为“记者们匆匆赶到机场，却被告知明星们已经走了”，表出
乎意料的结果常常用only to do，所以答案为B。
例10. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance,
________ in the natural light during the day. [2007 天津卷]
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
.
现在分词作状语详解
