第一部分 词 汇
第一章 考博词汇选择填空题制胜攻略
一、六种常考题型
词汇题主要测试考生对考博大纲词汇和短语的词义、用法、搭配的辨认与运用能力。其考试的重点是短语动词搭配、近义词辨析、近形异义词辨析、同根词辨析、单词辨析和固定搭配辨析。
(一)以动词为中心与其他词搭配
【例1】Eating too much fat can ______ heart disease and cause high blood pressure． A．contribute to B．attribute to C．attend to D．devote to 答案：A
【例2】I would never have ______ a court of law if I hadn't been so desperate． A．sought to B．accounted for C．turned up D．resorted to 答案：D
(二)近义词辨析
【例1】The Persian Gulf is ______ in petroleum deposits and that's part of the reasons why it is a trouble place． A．abundant B．enough C．plentiful D．adequate 答案：A
【例2】On New Year's Even, New York City holds an outdoor ______ which attracts a crowd of a million or more people． A．affair B．incident C．case D．event 答案：D
(三)近形异义词
【例1】It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means． A．consistent B．continuous C．considerate D．continual 答案：A
【例2】It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and ______ knowledge． A．extensive B．expansive C．intensive D．expensive 答案：A
(四)同根词辨析
【例1】The football game comes to you ______ from New York．
A．lively B．alive C．live D．living 答案：C
【例2】 ______ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make frieds with others． A．Dislike B．Unlike C．Alike D．Liking 答案：B (五)单词辨析
【例1】The teaeher spoke highly of such ______ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his students．
A．virtues B．features
1
C．properties D．characteristics 答案：A
【例2】Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong ______ on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists．
A．motivation B．perspective C．impression D．impact 答案：D
(六)固定搭配辨析
【例1】In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail．
A．in B．at C．for D．on 答案：D
【例2】These two areas are similar ______ they both have a high rainfall during this season． A．to that B．besides that C．in that D．except that 答案：C
二、词汇应试法宝——七大推导法 只有将词汇的含义和用法联系起来，才能对词汇有准确的把握。编者通过对往年真题的研究，总结出一套词汇答题的推导法。在记忆词汇的基础上，了解做题的技巧，使考生能抓住考题的要点，任何难题都能迎刃而解。 (一)词义推导法
利用题干中一部分词对另一部分词汇意思的解释。 【例】The manager spoke highly of ______ such as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees．
A．virtues B．features
C．properties D．characteristics 答案：A
(二)因果推导法
利用题干中的分句之间存在的因果关系，进行选择。
【例】The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many ______ references．
A．obscure B．acute C．notable D．objective 答案：A
(三)转折推导法
利用题干中存在的转折关系，通过转折词来确定选项，或通过句中词来确定选项中的转折词。
【例】Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a ______．
A．scarcity B．minority C．minimum D．shortage 答案：B
(四)对比推导法
利用句中的转折词、反义词或对比词来确定选项。
【例】Mr. Morgan can be very sad ______, though in public he is extremely cheerful．
2
A．by himself B．in person C．in private D．as individual 答案：C
(五)语境推导法
利用题干的上下文来确定选项，主要是通过句意和四个选项的意义来确定正确选项。 【例1】The new appointment of our president ______ from the very beginning of next semester． A．takes effect B．takes part C．takes place D．takes turns 答案：A
有时候，某些词会常常出现在同一个语义场中，这就成了我们答题的依据。 【例2】A ______ to this problem is expected to be found before long． A．result B．response C．settlement D．solution 答案：D
(六)固定搭配推导法
【例1】It is useful to be able to predict ______ the extent which a price change will affect supply and demand．
A．from B．with C．to D．for 答案：C
有时，也可以利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项。 【例2】Having decided to rent a flat, we ______ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city．
A．set about B．set down C．set out D．set up 答案：A
同样，也可以利用动词词组中的动词确定选项，如下例：
【例3】If you ______ the bottle and cigarettes, you'll be much healthier． A．take off B．keep off C．get off D．set off 答案：B
(七)常识推导法
有时根据一个常识性知识，就可以解决词汇题。
【例】A person's calorie requirements vary ______ his life． A．across B．throughout C．over D．within 答案：B
三、词汇题难点剖析 (一)词或词组辨析题
很多对英语学习有抵触情绪的考生发现英语单词和语法规则太多，更为苦恼的是，单词不止一个意思，加上不同的介词或副词等的词构成词组又产生新一连串意思；语法也有许多例外的情形，记住这条又漏了那条，难免“挂一漏万”，因此对英语学习失去了信心。试想，咿呀学语的孩子有没有抱怨单词太多，语法太繁?他们就顺理成章地接受了一门新的语言，并以能效仿和创造为自豪。单词不是孤立的字母堆砌，由核心词加前缀、后缀组合，又衍生出成倍的单词；几个典型的例题例句犹如制冰块的方格，可以让学习者一目了然。
严格说来，英语和汉语分属不同语系，两者之间很难找到对等的词汇。考生在认知单词或词组时仅仅记住中文意思显然是远远不够的。需要注意三点：①有没有除大纲意义或第一
3
义之外相去甚远的其他意义；②汉语意思雷同的几个单词之间有什么不同用法，搭配关系如何；③词形发生变化，如变为名词、形容词或副词等，词义是否有相应的变化。
1．It does not alter the fact that he was the man ______ for the death of the little girl．
A．accounting B．guilty C．responsible D．obliged
四个选项意义不同，用法也不同。选项A意为“会计，结算”，其另一种形容词形式accountable表示“负有责任的”，具有一定的法律含义，可与to(对人)或for(对事)连用；选项B意为“负罪的，有过失的”，一般与to或of连用；选项C意为“对??负责任的”，可与介词to或for连用；选项D为过去分词，常和to连用，表示“强迫，迫使”，由题意“这并不能改变一个事实：他就是应对小女孩的死负责的那个人”推知，正确答案为C。
1．Then the speaker ______ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis． A．went after B．went into C．went for D．went on
词组“go+副词/介词”的变化形式极多，选项A意为“追求，设法得到”，选项B意为“谈论，叙述”，选项C意为“争取，支持”或“抨击”，选项D意为“进行，继续做某事”；题干“接着演讲者导致目前经济危机的多种因素”缺少表示“谈到，说到”一义的谓语动词，故选B。
1．The relationship between employers and employees has been studied ______．
A．originally B．extremely C．violently D．intensively
四个选项均为副词，修饰动词study(研究)。选项A意为“起初，原来”或“新颖地，独创地”；选项B 意为“极其地，过分地”，选项C意为“猛烈地，强烈地”；选项D意为“强化地，集中地”或“深入地，细致地”。题意为“雇主和雇员的关系被仔细地研究过”。由此判定正确答案为D。 (二)连接成分易混题 连接成分有多种形式，凡是能起到呼应上下文，承前启后作用的词或词组我们在此统称为连接成分，包括连接代词、连接副词、连词、复合介词等等。大到文章、段落，小到意群、句子，都有起承转合的规则，出错的考生往往误解了上下文的意思，或者干脆不知道连接成分的含义。一般说来，英语中使用连词的几率比汉语中要大得多；汉语多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，无需连词而显浑然一体之美，如马致远《天净沙·秋思》中的“枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯”。区区六个名词词组的罗列，一幅秋日苦旅图跃然纸上，全无堆砌之嫌。英语中则强调逻辑的严整性，多数情况必须使用连接成分，在此我们列举几种常见的连接成分以便记忆。
(1)连接代词(疑问代词):who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever。
【例】They found what shelter they could and lived on wild plants． (他们能找到什么地方就在什么地方住，吃的是野菜。) It's not decided who will chair the meeting． (还没决定谁当会议主席。)
You should wear whichever dress suits you best． (你应穿最合身的衣服。)
(2)连接副词(包括关系副词)：when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever 【例】Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work． (星期天是假日，这一天人们不上班。)
4
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever． (他为什么这样做将永远是个谜。)
Tell me how to persuade him not to smoke again． (告诉我怎样说服他不再抽烟。)
(3)并列连词(联结平行的词、词组或分句):and, but, or, so, therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both... and, not only... but also, either... or, neither... nor, (and)then, not that... but that。
【例】She has her weaknesses. That however, doesn't mean she is not qualified for the job.(她有缺点，但这不等于说她不能胜任这项工作。)
The car was old, yet (nevertheless) it was in excellent condition． (这辆车老了，可运转状态挺好。)
They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains． (他们工作一不为名二不为利。)
I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays． (我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。) (4)从属连词(一般引起从句)：after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if, even if, unless, lest (以免),because, than, that whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, suppose (that), provided(that), in case(that), on condition (that), now that, so...that, such...that, as(so)...as, such...as。 【例】As I was coming home, I met a former schoolmate of mine． (我回家时碰到一位老同学。)
It would be months before he was fit for work． (要过好几个月他才能适应工作。)
Now that your son is well again, you no longer have anything to worry about． (你儿子既已痊愈，你就没什么值得烦心的事了。)
She explained again and again lest people should misunderstand her． (她一再解释惟恐人们会误解。)
There is still much room for improvement in our work, as I see it． (据我看我们的工作还大有改进余地。)
Provided we draw useful lessons from them, we may turn difficulties to good account． (只要我们从中吸取有益的教训，困难也可以变成好事。)
(5)一部分副词：anyhow, anyway, consequently, besides, moreover, also, too, still, then, this。一部分词组:on the contrary, on the other hand, in that case 等。
【例】She was a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school． (她聪明好学，因此学习成绩很好。)
We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs． (我们希望新机器工作得更快些，从而降低成本。)
“We won't support you,” he says, “on the contrary, we'll fight against you.” (“我们不会支持你的”，他说道，“恰恰相反，我们要反对你”。)
第二章 考博英语词汇同义替换题制胜方略
该题型要求对单句中的一个划有下划线的词进行替换选择，即：从句后所给四项选择中，选出一个最佳替换词来。
一、同义词或近义词的辨别和选择
5
1考博英语词汇讲义
