2020年高考化学总复习高中化学方程式全套复
习分类汇编(精华版)
一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H) 1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸) F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–) nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂) 2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2 F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2 F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2 7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO ) 3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 ) Cl2+H23Cl2+2P3Cl2+2Fe
2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸) 2PCl3 2FeCl3
Cl2+PCl3Cl2+Cu
PCl5 CuCl2
Cl2+2Na
2NaCl
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl?)
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Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2
Cl2+2Br?=2Cl?+Br2 Cl2+2I?=2Cl?+I2
3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3 3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3– 5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+ Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓
Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓ Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl– Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 2O2+3FeS+H2S+Fe S+2Cu3S+2AlN2+3H2
Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
Fe3O4 H2S
O2+K===KO2
CS2
S+Zn
ZnS
2S+C
FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取) Cu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取) Al2S3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
催化剂 高温高压 2NH3 N2+3MgN2+6NaN2+2Al
Mg3N2 2Na3N 2AlN
N2+3CaN2+6K
Ca3N2 2K3N
N2+3BaN2+6RbP4+6H2H2+2Li
Ba3N2 2Rb3N 4PH3 2LiH
P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2
2、还原性
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S+O2SO2 S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
-S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+SO24
3S+4HNO3(稀)
?3S+4H++4NO33SO2+4NO↑+2H2O 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O2 4P+5O22P+3X2
2NO
P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O CO2
C+2Cl2
PX3+X2 PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)C+2F2
CF4
CCl4 2CO
C+O2(足量)C+CO22C+SiO2Si(粗)+2Cl2Si(粉)+O2
2C+O2(少量)C+H2O
2CO CO+H2(生成水煤气)
Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl) SiO2 Si+C
SiC(金刚砂)
↑
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2
2?(Si+2OH?+H2O=SiO3+2H2↑)
3、歧化反应
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl2+H2O
–
H++Cl
+HClO)
(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO
Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O
–
+H2O)
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Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O +H2O) 3Cl2+6KOH(浓)+ClO3–+3H2O) 3S+6NaOH+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 +3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–
5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–
(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–
(4P+3OH
–
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaO3C+SiO2
CaC2+CO↑ SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性 2Na+H22Na+O2
2NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑
2Na2O2
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑
2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑ 4Na+TiCl42Mg+O22Cu+S
4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2
MgS
MgCl2 Mg+Br2MgBr2
2MgO Mg+S
Cu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg(OH)2+H2↑ Ti+2MgCl2 2MgO+C
Mg+2RbCl
MgCl2+2Rb
Mg+2H2O2Mg+TiCl42Mg+CO2
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2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑) 2Al+3Cl2
2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧) 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐) 4Al+3MnO2应) 2Al+Fe2O3
Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO
Al2O3+3Fe
2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3
Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑ 2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 过程) Fe+I2Fe+S
FeI2
FeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)
Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe3O4 2Fe+O2
2FeO (炼钢
–
3Fe+4H2O(g)
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑
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