《国际经济学》 第二章 古典贸易理论
2.1 The Evolution of Classical Trade Theory
第一节 古典贸易理论的演变
一．Adam smith’s Contribution to International Trade Theory
亚当.斯密对国际贸易理论的贡献
1．Criticism to mercantilism 对重商主义的批判
⑴ 衡量一国财富的不是其所拥有的贵重金属的多少，而是这些贵重金属所能购买的商品数量； ⑵ 扩大生产才能提高本国的生活水平，而生产的扩大最根本的动力是劳动生产率的不断提高。财
富增加依赖于劳动分工，这就是亚当·斯密的劳动分工学说的基本思想。
Smith challenged the mercantilist views on trade by arguing that, with free trade, international specialization of factor inputs could increase world output, which could be shared by trading nations. All nations could simultaneously enjoy gains from trade. Smith maintained that each nation would find it advantageous to specialize in the production of those goods in which it had an absolute advantage.
重商主义（Mercantilism）
强调国库和王室成员所拥有的贵重金属的多寡是衡量国家是否繁荣昌盛的最重要的标志。所以，为政府开具的调节经济的处方是取消进口，因为进口会导致本国贵重金属的流失，同时鼓励出口，因为出口会导致贵重金属的流入。重商主义认为国际贸易是一种零和博弈（zero-sum game），鼓吹经济民族主义（Nationalism）。
If a country could achieve a favourable trade balance, it would enjoy payments received from the rest of the world in the form of gold and silver. Such revenues would contribute to increased spending and a rise in domestic output and employment.
To promote favourable trade balance, the mercantilists advocated government regulation of trade. Tariffs、quotas and other commercial policies were proposed by the mercantilists to minimize imports in order to protect a nation, s trade position. In short, mercantilists maintained that trade is a zero-sum activity and preached economic nationalism.
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《国际经济学》 第二章 古典贸易理论
价格-铸币-流动学说（Price-Specie-Flow Doctrine）
如果英国对法国有贸易顺差，结果金银流入，增加国内货币供给，在英国产生通货膨胀。然而，在法国因金银的流出将产生相反效果，法国货币供给紧缩，物价下降。法国与英国之间价格的相对变化将使法国购买较少的英国物品，而英国购买较多的法国商品，其结果是英国贸易收支恶化而法国贸易收支改进，直至英国贸易顺差消失。
A favourable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated. To illustrate, suppose England were to achieve a trade surplus that resulted in an inflow of gold and silver. Because these precious metals would constitute part of England’s money supply, their inflow would increase the amount of money in circulations. This would lead to a rise in England’s price level relative to that of its trading partners. English residents would therefore be encouraged to purchase foreign-produced goods, while England, s export would decline. As a result, the country’s trade surplus would eventually be eliminated.
2．The concept of Absolute Advantage 绝对优势的概念
一国生产1个单位的某种商品所使用的资源少于另一个国家同类产品的生产所使用的资源。 One nation uses less labor to produce a unit of output than the other nation.
二．The Contents of Classical Trade Theory 古典贸易理论的内容
Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market. The immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences between nations, which were underlaid by their natural and acquired advantages.
1．绝对优势理论（Principle of Absolute Advantage）（亚当〃斯密 Adam Smith）
从生产的绝对成本的差别为出发点，当一国相对于另一国在某种商品的生产上有更高效率，但在另一种商品生产上效率更低，那么两国就可以通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的商品并用其中一部分来交换其有绝对劣势的商品。这样，资源可以被最有效地使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大增长。
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《国际经济学》 第二章 古典贸易理论
以己之所长，换己之所需
In a two-nation、two-product world, international trade and specialization will beneficial when one nation has an absolute cost advantage in one commodity and the other nation has an absolute cost advantage in the other commodity. For the world to benefit from international division of labour, each nation must have a commodity that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner. A nation will import those commodities in which it has an absolute cost disadvantage; it will export those commodities in which it has an absolute cost advantage.
局限性：不能解释国际贸易的全部，只说明国际贸易中的一种特殊情形，即具有绝对优势的国家
参加国际分工和国际贸易能够获益，无法解释绝对先进和绝对落后国家之间的贸易活动。
Q ：What if a nation is more efficient than its trading partner in the production of all
goods?
2．比较优势理论（Principle of Comparative Advantage）（大卫〃李嘉图 David Ricardo）
如果一个国家在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对有利地位，但有利的程度不同，而另一个国家在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对不利的地位，但不利的程度也不同。在此情况下，前者应专门生产比较最有利的商品，后者应专门生产其不利程度最小的商品。通过对外贸易，双方都能取得比自己以等量劳动所能生产的更多的产品，从而实现社会劳动的节约，给贸易双方都带来利益。
两优取其重，两劣取其轻
Even if a nation has an absolute cost disadvantage in the production of both commodities, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist. The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which it is relatively less inefficient（where its absolute disadvantage is least）. The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that commodity in which it is relatively more efficient（where its absolute advantage is greater）.
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《国际经济学》 第二章 古典贸易理论
2.2 The Differences of Productivity and International Trade
第二节 劳动生产率差异与国际贸易：李嘉图模型
一．Assumptions 假设
以劳动价值论（Labour Theory of Value）为基础：
1．2*2模型 2．只投入一种生产要素 —— 劳动力 3．劳动力在国与国之间不能流动 4．两国资源都得到充分利用 5．机会成本不变 6．运输成本和其他交易费用为零 7．商品可以在各国之间自由流动 8．进出口贸易总值相等 9．生产和交换是在完全竞争的条件下进行的 10．不存在政府对贸易的干预或管制
1．The world consists of two nations, each using a single input to produce two commodities. 2．In each nation, labour is the only input. Each nation has a fixed endowment of labour, and labour
is fully employed and homogenous.
3．Labour can move freely among industries within a nation but is incapable of moving between nations. 4．The level of technology is fixed for both nations. Different nations may use different technologies,
but all firms within each nation utilize a common production method for each commodity. 5．Cost does not vary with the level of production and are proportional to the amount of labour used. 6．Perfect competition prevails in all markets. All producers or consumers are all are price takers.
All units of each product are identical. There is free entry to and exit from an industry, and the price of each product equals the products marginal cost of production. 7．Free trade occurs between nations; That is, no government barriers to trade exist.
8．Transportation costs are zero. Consumers will thus be indifferent between domestically produced
and imported versions of a product if the domestic prices of the two products are identical. 9．Firms make production decision in an attempt to maximize profits, whereas consumers maximize
satisfaction though their consumption decision.
10．There is no money illusion; That is, when consumers make their consumption decision, they take
into account the behaviour of all prices.
11．Trade is balanced（exports must pay for imports）, ruling out flows of money between nations.
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《国际经济学》 第二章 古典贸易理论
二．Absolute advantage and Comparative advantage 绝对优势与比较优势 1．Absolute advantage
Production cost Productivity
aLX < bLX 1 / aLX < 1 / bLX bLY < aLY 1 / bLY < 1 / aLY
2．Comparative advantage
Opportunity cost
aLX / aLY < bLX / bLY
Table 2-1 Production Function of Nation A and Nation B
Commodity / Department X Y Nation A LX / aLX LY / aLY AANation B LX / bLX LY / bLY BBNotes：
aLX A国的X部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量 aLY A国的Y部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量 bLX B国的X部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量 bLY B国的Y部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量 （倒数就是劳动生产率） LAX A国的X部门的劳动投入 LAY A国的Y部门的劳动投入 LBX B国的X部门的劳动投入 LBY B国的Y部门的劳动投入
Table 2-2（a） Labour input per commodity output in both nations
Labour input per X Labour input per Y Nation A 3 6 Nation B 12 4 Table 2-2（b） Labour input per commodity output in both nations
Labour input per X Labour input per Y Nation A 3 6 Nation B 12 8 - 5 -
第02章 古典贸易理论（讲义）完整版
