2005年 Text 1
①Everybody loves a fat pay rise. ②Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.③Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.④Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. ⑤But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
①人人都喜欢丰厚的加薪，②但是当你得知一位同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦就消失得无影无踪了。③事实上，如果他还有懒散的名声的话，你甚至变得义愤填膺。④这样的行为被看作是“人之常情”，它潜在的假定是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不满意识。⑤但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究却表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
①The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. ②They look cute. ③They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. ④Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
①研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。②这些猴子看起来很可爱，③她们生性温和，乐于合作，并且乐意分享食物。④最重要的是，像人类女性一样，它们往往比雄性更注重“物品和服务”的价值。
①Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. ②The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. ③Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. ④However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
①这些特点使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。②两位研究人员花了两年时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。③正常情况下，猴子非常乐意用石块交换黄瓜片。④但是，当两只猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石块换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
①In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). ②So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. ③And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. ④Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in
the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
①在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。②所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币只换回一片黄瓜。③如果一只猴子根本无须用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另一只猴子就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。④事实上，只要在另一房间出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它)，都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
①The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. ②In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. ③Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. ④Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. ⑤Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. ⑥However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
①研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的支配。②在野外，它们是协作、群居的物种。③只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。④不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。⑤拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。⑥但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这至今还是一个有待回答的问题。
Q118-考研英语阅读-2005 text1 全文翻译
