定语从句起形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词，置于被修饰词之后。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 1、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are many places we can visit（them）in China.
2、关系词： 关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。 3、确定关系词的步骤
（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
4、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
（1）先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus. （4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。Which are the books that you bought for me ? 5、宜用which而不用that的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时 （3）当先行词本身是that时 （4）当关系词离先行词较远时
6、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 （1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。
（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。 （3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?
（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。
7、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ? There is a room, whose window faces the river.
There is a room, the window of which faces the river. 8、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
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（1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。 Such books as you bought are useful.
The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.
②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.
（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。 区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。 ②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。
He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.
There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out. As is known, the earth is round, not flat. 9、关系副词when与where、why、that when = in / at / on / during which， where = in / at / from / which， why = for which
当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合） I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks. 当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。
This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 10、必须注意的问题
（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 ②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。
③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句） （3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 ②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) （4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。 ①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 ②关系词作表语。
（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one为先行词）
He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）
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②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?
③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. ④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. （8）关系词的省略情况：
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that； as做宾语一般不省略。 as与which的区别：
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它
主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 巩固练习：
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, grew to a terrible roar. 2. She looked at Jeff, was waving his arms.
3. There she saw a wall of water was quickly advancing towards her. 4. He was standing; holding on to a tree grew against the wall.
5. The water, was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.
6. Flora, beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying. 7.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, must have been 3 metres deep.
8. The garden was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.
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甘肃省民勤县第五中学九年级英语全册 语法讲解之定语从句 人教新目标版
