SAT作文素材人物版
Coco Chanelwas
Coco Chanelwas a French fashion designer and founder of the Chanel brand. She was the only fashion designer to appear on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Along with Paul Poiret, Chanel was credited with liberating women from the constraints of the \popularizing the acceptance of a sportive, casual chic as the feminine standard in
the post-World War I era. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel's influence extended beyond couture clothing. Her design aesthetic was realized in jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product.
Chanel was known for her lifelong determination, ambition and energy which she applied to her professional and social life. She achieved both success as a businesswoman and social prominence thanks to the connections she made through her work. These included many artists and craftspeople to whom she became a patron. However, Chanel's highly competitive, opportunistic personality led her to make questionable life choices which have generated
controversy around her reputation, particularly her behaviour during the German occupation of France in World War II.
1. CoCo香奈儿
世界上可以有无数个夫人，Coco香奈儿却只有一个。Coco香奈儿对时装美学的独特见解和难得一见的才华，使她结交了不少诗人、画家和知识分子。她的朋友中就有抽象画派大师毕加索 (Picasso)、法国诗人导演高克多 (Jean Cocteau) 等等。一时风流儒雅，正是法国时装和艺术发展的黄金时期。 人生经历：
1883年出生于法国的Auvergne。她六岁时母亲离世，父亲更丢下她和4个兄弟姐妹。自此，她由她的姨妈抚养成人，儿时入读修女院学校 (Convent School)，并在那儿学得一手针线技巧。在她二十二岁那年，即1905年，她当上“咖啡厅歌手”(Cafe singer)，并起了艺名 “Coco”，在不同的歌厅和咖啡厅卖唱维生。在这段歌女生涯中，Coco先后结交了两名老主顾，成为他们的情人知己，一名是英国工业家，另一名是富有的军官。 Chanel No 5香水恒久流行：
除了时装，Chanel也在1921 年推出Chanel No 5香水，女星妮可·基德曼 (Nicole Kidman)作代言人的No 5香水瓶子是一个甚具装饰艺术 (Art Deco) 味道的玻璃瓶。此乃史上第一瓶以设计师命名的香水。1960年代,美国影星玛丽莲梦露在回答一位记者的“晚上穿什么睡衣入睡?”的问题时说到：“A few drops of Chanel NO.5(擦几滴香奈尔5号而已)。”，采访一经播出，Chanel No 5香水更加名声大振。配合独创的“双C”标志使这瓶香水成为Chanel历史上最赚钱的产品，且在恒远的时光长廊上历久不衰，至今在 Chanel的官方网站依然是重点推介产品。
2.约翰那什
约翰·纳什生于1928年6月13日。父亲是电子工程师与教师，第一次世界大战的老兵。纳什小时孤独内向，虽然父母对他照顾有加，但老师认为他不合群不善社交。 纳什的数学天分大约在14岁开始展现。他在普林斯顿大学读博士时刚刚二十出头，但他的一篇关于非合作博弈的博士论文和其他相关文章，确立了他博弈论大师的地位。在20世纪50年代末，他已是闻名世界的科学家了。 然而，正当他的事业如日中天的时候，30岁的纳什得了严重的精神分裂症。他的妻子艾利西亚———麻省理工学院物理系毕业生，表现出钢铁一般的意志：她挺过了丈夫被禁闭治疗、孤立无援的日子，走过了惟一儿子同样罹患精神分裂症的震惊与哀伤??漫长的半个世纪之后，她的耐心和毅力终于创下了了不起的
奇迹：和她的儿子一样，纳什教授渐渐康复，并在1994年获得诺贝尔奖经济学奖。
如今，纳什已经基本恢复正常，并重新开始科学研究。他现在是普林斯顿大学数学教授，但已经不再任教。学校经济学系经常会举办有关博弈论的论坛，纳什有时候会参加，但是他几乎从不发言，每次都是静静地来，静静地走。
John Nash(1928-)
When the young Nash had applied to graduate school at Princeton in 1948, his old Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote only one line on his letter of recommendation: \encountered the theory of games, then recently launched by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. However, they had only managed to solve
non-cooperative games in the case of \Nash turned to rivalries with mutual gain. His trick was the use of best-response functions and a recent theorem that had just emerged - Kakutani's fixed
point-theorem. His main result, the \the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He followed this up with a paper which introduced yet another solution concept - this time for two-person cooperative games - the \attached his name to yet another side of economics - this time, the \Programme\cooperative games into a non-cooperative framework.
His contributions to mathematics were no less remarkable. As an undergraduate, he had inadvertently (and independently) proved Brouwer's fixed point theorem. Later on, he went on to break one of Riemann's most perplexing mathematical conundrums. From then on, Nash provided
breakthrough after breakthrough in mathematics. In 1958, on the threshold of his career, Nash got struck by paranoid schizophrenia. He lost his job at M.I.T. in 1959 (he had been tenured there in 1958 - at the age of 29) and was virtually incapicated by the disease for the next two decades or so. He roamed about Europe and America, finally, returning to Princeton where he became a sad, ghostly character on the campus - \Goldstein described him in her novel, Mind-Body Problem. The disease began to evaporate in the early 1970s and Nash began to gradually to return to his work
in mathematics. However, Nash himself associated his madness with his living on an \\argued, a remission might not be worthwhile in the end. As John Dryden once put it:
Great wits are sure to madness near allied, And thin partitions do their bounds divide.
Key words: economist illness Nobel price winner
3.法拉第，迈克尔
法拉第(1791 -- 1867)是英国物理学家、化学家，也是著名的自学成才的科学家。1791年9月22日萨里郡纽因顿一个贫苦铁匠家庭。因家庭贫困仅上过几年小学，13岁时便在一家书店里当学徒。书店的工作使他有机会读到许多科学书籍。在送报、装订等工作之余，自学化学和电学，并动手做简单的实验，验证书上的内容。利用业余时间参加市哲学学会的学习活动，听自然哲学讲演，因而受到了自然科学的基础教育。由于他爱好科学研究，专心致志，受到英国化学家戴维的赏识，1813年3月由戴维举荐到皇家研究所任实验室助手。这是法拉第一生的转折点，从此他踏上了献身科学研究的道路。同年10月戴维到欧洲大陆作科学考察，讲学，法拉第作为他的秘书、助手随同前往。历时一年半，先后经过法国、瑞士、意大利、德国、比利时、荷兰等国，结识了安培、盖.吕萨克等著名学者。沿途法拉第协助戴维做了许多化学实验，这大大丰富了他的科学知识，增长了实验才干，为他后来开展独立的科学研究奠定了基础。 法拉第主要从事电学、磁学、磁光学、电化学方面的研究，他关于磁生电的跨时代的伟大发现，使人类掌握了电磁运动相互转变以及机械能和电能相互转变的方法，成为现代发电机、电动机、变压器技术的基础。
法拉第能够这样坚持10年矢志不渝地探索电磁感应现象，重要原因之一是同他关于各种自然力的统一和转化的思想密切相关的，他始终坚信自然界各种不同现象之间有着无限多的联系。也是在这一思想的指导下，他继续研究当时已知的伏打电池的电、摩擦电、温差电、伽伐尼电、电磁感应电等各种电的同一性，1832年他发表了〈不同来源的电的同一性〉论文，用大量实验论证了“不管电的来源如何，它的本性都相同”的结论，从而扫除了人们在电的本性问题认识上的种种迷雾
Faraday, Michael 1791 -- 1867
Physicist and chemist. Born September 22, 1791, in Newington, Surrey. The family soon moved to London, where young Michael, one of 10 children, picked up the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a bookbinder and bookseller. He read ravenously and attended public lectures, including some by Sir Humphry Davy. Faraday's career began when Davy, temporarily blinded in a laboratory accident, appointed Faraday as his assistant at the Royal Institution. With Davy as a teacher in analytical chemistry, Faraday advanced in his scientific apprenticeship and began independent chemical studies. By 1825, he discovered benzene and had become the first to describe compounds of chlorine and carbon. He adopted the atomic theory to explain that chemical qualities were the result of attraction and repulsion between united atoms. This proved to be the theoretical foundation for much of his future work.
Faraday had already done some work in magnetism and electricity, and it was in this field that he made his most outstanding contributions. His first triumph came when he found a solution to the problem of producing continuous rotation by use of electric current, thus making electric motors possible. Hans Oersted had discovered the magnetic effect of a current, but Faraday grasped the fact that a conductor at rest and a steady magnetic field do not interact and that to get an induced current either the conductor or the field has to move. On August 29, 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. During the next 10 years, Faraday explored and expanded the field of electricity. In 1834, he announced his famous two laws of electrolysis. Briefly, they state that for any given amount of electrical force in an electrochemical cell, chemical substances are released at the electrodes in the ratio of their chemical equivalents. He also invented the voltammeter, a device for measuring electrical charges, which was the first step toward the later standardization of electrical quantities. Faraday continued to work in his laboratory, but his health began to deteriorate and he had to stop work entirely in 1841. Almost miraculously, however, his health later improved and he resumed work in 1844. He began a search for an interaction between magnetism and light and in 1845 turned his attention from electrostatics to electromagnetism. He discovered that an intense magnetic field could rotate the plane of polarized light, a phenomenon known today as the Faraday effect. In conjunction with these experiments, he showed that all matter conducts the magnetic line of force. Objects that were good conductors he called paramagnetics, while those that conducted the force poorly
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