Engineering4(2018)588–589Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEngneeringTopicInsights
SustainableResourceUseinEnhancingAgriculturalDevelopmentinChina
JianboShena,FusuoZhanga,KadambotH.M.SiddiquebNationalAcademyofAgricultureGreenDevelopment,CenterforResources,EnvironmentandFoodSecurity,CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,ChinabHackettProfessorandDirectoroftheUWAInstituteofAgriculture,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,WA6001,Australiaa1.IntroductionChinaisenteringanimpressiveeraofgrainproductionsinceitsreformandopeningupin1978.Atpresent,Chinafeeds22%oftheworldpopulationwithonly9%oftheworld’sarableland[1].Thus,Chinahasbecomealeaderintheglobal?ghtagainsthunger[2].Grainproductionhasincreaseddramatically,fromabout3?108tin1978to6.21?108tin2016,whichisanannualincreaserateof9%[3].Theincreaserateofgrainproductionhassurpassedthegrowthrateofthepopulation,resultinginanevi-dentdecreaseintheproportionofmalnourishedpeopleinChina.However,thedoublingofagriculturalfoodproductionsince1978inChinaispartlyattributedtoathree-foldincreaseinnitrogen(N)fertilization,an11-foldincreaseinphosphorus(P)fertilization,anda1.5-foldincreaseintheamountofirrigatedcropland[3,4].Hugeinputsofvariousagriculturalresources(fertilizers,water,insecticides,etc.)forgrainproductionhavecausedanenormouswasteofresources[4],whichisagreatchallengeforrealizingthegoalofgreendevelopmentinagricultureandsustainablegrainproductioninthefuture.ductfarmingwithoutrecognizingtheimportanceofnutrientmanagement,duetoalackofef?cientchannelstotransfertech-nologiestoChinesefarms[7].Incertainareas,somefarmersdonotknowhowmuchNfertilizershouldbeappliedtoattainahighyield.Asaresult,thesefarmersoftenapplymoreNthanthecropsdemand,astheytakeaninsurance-basedapproachthatisbasedontheexperienceoftheirrelativesandneighbors[8].3.TechnologicalandpolicyinterventionsHowever,China’sgovernmenthasmadegrainproductionandfoodsecurityatoppriorityduetopastexperiencesoffamineandpoliticalinstability.Inthe2000s,Chinaproducedenoughfoodtofeeditsenormouspopulation[1,7,9].Now,Chinahassetanewtargetofgreengrowthinfuturegrainproduction;thistargetincludeshighef?ciencyandlowenvironmentalriskwhilemain-tainingarelativelyhighgrainyieldonaregionalscale.ItisurgentforChinatodevelopstrongpolicyincentivesforenvironmentalprotectionandgreengrowthingrainproduction.Goingforward,Chineseagriculturewillcontinuetoputintopracticethevisionofinnovative,coordinated,ruralrevitalizationandgreendevelop-ment.Thescienceandtechnologybackyard(STB)model,whichwasestablishedbyscientistsfromChinaAgriculturalUniversity,couldprovideaneffectiveapproachtorealizethegreendevelop-mentofagriculture,asitaimstoclosegapsinChinabyempower-ingsmallholderfarmersthroughintegratingresearchers,farmers,thegovernment,andagro-enterprises[7,10].4.ConclusionsTheChinesegovernmenthasinitiatedaseriesofprogramstopromotethetransformationofChina’sgrainproduction[11].Oneofthemostin?uentialplansfocusesonzerogrowthoffertilizerconsumption;accordingtothisplan,theannualincreaseintotalfertilizeruseisprojectedtobelessthan1%from2015to2019(withnofurtherincreasesfrom2020)withoutyieldpenalty.Wehaveproposedanovelmodeltoaddressthesechallengesbyimprovingthesustainabilityofnutrientuseinintensiveagricul-ture.Ourmodelusesroot-zonenutrientmanagementtomaximize2.OveruseoffertilizersExcessivefertilizationduetothemismanagementofchemicalfertilizerhascausedlownutrient-recoveryef?ciencyandhighenvironmentalcostsingrainproduction.NoverusehasresultedinaseriesofenvironmentaldamagesinChina.Forexample,theoveruseofammonium(NHt4)andurea-basedNfertilizercausedsoilpHtodecreaseby0.5inthe2000s.Meanwhile,Noverusecanleadtohighgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsingrainproduc-tion.ComparedwithoptimalNmanagementstrategyinChina’swheatproduction,GHGemissionsincreasedby50%duetoa30%overuseofN[5].SubsequentenvironmentalimpactssuchasNdeposition,Nleaching,andhighnitrateconcentrationinground-wateraredirectlyrelatedtoNoveruse[6].LackofawarenessofnutrientmanagementandinappropriatepolicyguidelinescouldexplaintheexcessivefertilizationthatoccursinChina’smajorcroplands.InthemostruralareasofChina,untrainedworkerscon-J.Shenetal./Engineering4(2018)588–589589root/rhizosphereef?ciencyandthusreducedependenceonexternalchemicalfertilizerinput[12].Thismethodisbasedonaprecisesoilnutrientsupplytotherootzonethatdoesnotexceeditscapacity,optimalrootresponsesandroot-soilinteractions,ef?cientgenotypes,andappropriatesoilmanagement[13].Undoubtedly,China’ssuccessorexperienceinimprovingsustain-ableresourceuseandincreasinggrainproductionwillenhancefoodsecuritywhiledecreasingpovertyandtheenvironmentalfootprint,andthuscontributetotheglobalgoalofsustainabledevelopment.TomeetnewdemandsofChineseagricultureinanewera,aswellasforpromotingfurtherimplementationofUnitedNations(UN)SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),theNationalAcademyofAgricultureGreenDevelopmentandtheInternationalSchoolofAgricultureGreenDevelopmenthavebeenlaunchedbyChinaAgriculturalUniversityon22July,2018.Chineseagriculturegreendevelopment(AGD),asanationalstrategyissuedbycentralgovernment,islikelytoprovidevaluableexperienceandpracticestoglobalsustainableagriculturaldevelopmentasadominantpartofSDGs,particularly,otherdevelopingcountriesthatarefacingorwillsoonfacesimilarchallenges.AcknowledgementsThisstudywassupportedbytheNationalKeyResearchandDevelopmentProgramofChina(2016YFE0101100and2017YFD0200200),andtheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(31330070and31772402).References[1]QinX,LiY,SiddiqueKHM,WangL,LiaoY.CerealandsoybeanproductionandfoodsecurityinChina:challengesandopportunities.WorldAgric2016:1619.[2]Chinasetsbenchmarkinglobal?ghtagainsthunger:WFPhead[Internet].Beijing:People’sDailyOnline;[updated2016Jun3;cited2018Jul12].Availablefrom:http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0603/c90785-9067929.html.[3]NationalBureauofStatisticsofChina.Chinaagricultureyearbook(1950–2010).Beijing,Chinese:ChinaAgriculturePress;2011.Chinese.[4]ChaiQ,GanY,TurnerNC,ZhangRZ,YangY,NiuY,etal.Water-savinginnovationsinChineseagriculture.AdvAgron2014;126:149–201.[5]YingH,YeY,CuiZ,ChenX.Managingnitrogenforsustainablewheatproduction.JCleanProd2017;162(10):1308–16.[6]LiuX,ZhangY,HanW,TangA,ShenJ,CuiZ,etal.EnhancednitrogendepositionoverChina.Nature2013;494(7438):459–62.[7]ZhangWF,CaoGX,LiXL,ZhangHY,WangC,LiuQQ,etal.ClosingyieldgapsinChinabyempoweringsmallholderfarmers.Nature2016;537:671–4.[8]CuiZ,ChenX,MiaoY,FeiL,ZhangF,LiJ,etal.On-farmevaluationofwinterwheatyieldresponsetoresidualsoilnitrate-NinNorthChinaPlain.AgronJ2008;100(6):1527–34.[9]FanM,ShenJ,YuanL,JiangR,ChenX,DaviesWJ,etal.Improvingcropproductivityandresourceuseef?ciencytoensurefoodsecurityandenvironmentalqualityinChina.JExpBot2012;63(1):13–24.[10]GanY,SiddiqueKHM,TurnerNC,LiXG,NiuJY,YangC,etal.Ridge–furrowmulchingsystems—aninnovativetechniqueforboostingcropproductivityinsemiaridrain-fedenvironments.AdvAgron2013;117:429–76.[11]ShenJ,CuiZL,MiaoYX,MiGH,ZhangHY,FanMS,etal.TransformingagricultureinChina:fromsolelyhighyieldtobothhighyieldandhighresourceuseef?ciency.GlobFoodSecur2013;2(1):1–8.[12]ShenJ,LiC,MiG,LiL,YuanL,JiangR,etal.Maximizingroot/rhizosphereef?ciencytoimprovecropproductivityandnutrientuseef?ciencyinintensiveagricultureofChina.JExpBot2013;64(5):1181–92.[13]JiaoX,LyuY,WuX,LiH,ChengL,ZhangC,etal.Grainproductionversusresourceandenvironmentalcosts:towardsincreasingsustainabilityofnutrientuseinChina.JExpBot2016;67(17):4935–49.Engineering 2 (2016) xxx–xxxContents lists available at ScienceDirect
Engineering
Topic Insights资源可持续利用促进中国农业发展a申建波a，张福锁a，Kadambot H.M. Siddique b National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Chinab Hackett Professor and Director of the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia1.引言自从1978年改革开放以来，中国进入一个令人印象深刻的粮食生产时代。当前，中国用世界9%的耕地养活了世界22%的人口[1]。因此，中国已经成为全球反饥饿斗争的领导者[2]。1978—2016年间，中国粮食产量增加显著，以平均每年9%的增长速率从3×108 t增加到6.21×108 t [3]。粮食产量的增长速率远远超过人口增长，从而明显降低了中国营养不良人口的比例。然而，粮食生产总量的翻倍增长部分归因于氮肥施用量增加3倍、磷肥增加11倍，耕地灌溉增加了1.5倍[3,4]。为了维持粮食产量，农业资源（肥料、水、杀虫剂等）大量投入，造成了极大的资源浪费[4]，这是实现农业绿色发展和粮食可持续生产的目标所面临的巨大挑战。甚至地下水硝酸盐含量增加也与氮的过量施用直接相关[6]。相应养分管理意识的缺乏以及相应政策的欠缺可能是中国农田肥料过量施用的主要原因。在大多数农村地区，由于缺乏向农民传播科学技术的有效渠道，大多没有受过专业训练的农民在农作过程中并未意识到养分管理的重要性[7]。在某些地区，农民并不知道需要施用多少氮肥才能达到高产。因此，为了保险起见，他们通常按照亲人或邻居的经验，投入了远超过作物需求的氮肥[8]。3.技术和政策干预中国政府一直将粮食生产与粮食安全视为最优先的任务，因为国家曾经历过饥荒和政治的不稳定。在21世纪的前10年，中国生产了足够多的粮食并且养活了巨大的人口[1,7,9]。目前，中国已经确立了未来粮食生产实现绿色增长的新目标；这一目标包括高效率和低环境风险，同时在区域范围内保持相对较高的粮食产量。中国迫切需要制定强有力的环境保护和粮食生产绿色增长的政策激励措施。今后，中国农业将继续践行创新、协调、乡村振兴和绿色发展的理念。中国农业大学的科学家建立的“科技小院”（STB）模式可以为实现农业的绿色发展提供一种有效的途径，其目的是通过整合研究人员、农民、政府和农业企业，推动基于小农户来缩小中国与发达国家在农业可持续发展方面的差距[7,10]。2.肥料的过量施用化学肥料管理不善导致的过量施肥，造成粮食生产中的低养分回收效率和高环境代价。在中国，氮肥的过量施用已经造成了一系列的环境问题。例如，21世纪的前10年，过量施用铵态氮肥与尿素，导致土壤pH值下降了0.5个单位。与此同时，过量施用氮肥还会导致较高的温室气体排放，在中国小麦生产中，与优化氮管理策略相比，施用氮肥过量30%可导致温室气体排放增加50% [5]。随后的环境影响，包括氮沉降、氮淋洗，Author name et al. / Engineering 2(2016) xxx–xxx6474. 结论中国政府已经开始实施一系列措施促进中国粮食生产的转型[11]。最具影响力的计划之一是聚焦于化致谢本研究由国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFE0101100、2017YFD0200200）、国家自然科学肥消费的零增长；根据该计划，从2015年到2019年，在保证不会造成产量损失的前提下，化肥施用总量的年增幅预计将不超过1%（从2020年起不再增加）。我们提出通过提高集约化农业养分的可持续利用新模式，来有效应对这些挑战。通过调控根区养分管理，最大化根系或根际效率，从而减少对外部化肥输入的依赖[12]。新模式强调根区精确的养分供应、最佳的根系响应和根-土互作效应，选取高效的作物基因型，以及采取适当的土壤管理[13]。中国在提高资源可持续利用、增加粮食产量、减少贫困和减低环境风险等方面取得的成功和经验无疑将对全球可持续发展目标作出贡献。为满足中国农业在新时代的新要求，以及进一步促进2030年联合国可持续发展目标的实现，2018年7月22日中国农业大学成立了国家农业绿色发展研究院暨农业绿色发展学院。中国农业绿色发展作为中央政府发布的一项国家策略，将为联合国可持续发展目标的重要部分——全球农业可持续发展——提供宝贵的经验和实践，尤其是对于其他面临或即将面临类似挑战的发展中国家。基金项目（31330070、31772402）资助。Reference[1] Qin X, Li Y, Siddique KHM, Wang L, Liao Y. Cereal and soybean production and
food security in China: challenges and opportunities. World Agric 2016:1619.[2] China sets benchmark in global fight against hunger: WFP head [Internet].
Beijing: People’s Daily Online; [updated 2016 Jun 3; cited 2018 Jul 12]. Available from: http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0603/c90785-9067929.html.
[3] National Bureau of Statistics of China. China agriculture yearbook (1950–
2010). Beijing, Chinese: China Agriculture Press; 2011. Chinese.
[4] Chai Q, Gan Y, Turner NC, Zhang RZ, Yang Y, Niu Y, et al. Water-saving
innovations in Chinese agriculture. Adv Agron 2014;126:149–201.
[5] Ying H, Ye Y, Cui Z, Chen X. Managing nitrogen for sustainable wheat
production. J Clean Prod 2017;162(10):1308–16.
[6] Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W, Tang A, Shen J, Cui Z, et al. Enhanced nitrogen deposition
over China. Nature 2013;494(7438):459–62.
[7] Zhang WF, Cao GX, Li XL, Zhang HY, Wang C, Liu QQ, et al. Closing yield gaps in
China by empowering smallholder farmers. Nature 2016;537:671–4.
[8] Cui Z, Chen X, Miao Y, Fei L, Zhang F, Li J, et al. On-farm evaluation of winter
wheat yield response to residual soil nitrate-N in North China Plain. Agron J 2008;100(6):1527–34.
[9] Fan M, Shen J, Yuan L, Jiang R, Chen X, Davies WJ, et al. Improving crop
productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China. J Exp Bot 2012;63(1):13–24.
[10] Gan Y, Siddique KHM, Turner NC, Li XG, Niu JY, Yang C, et al. Ridge–furrow
mulching systems—an innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Adv Agron 2013;117:429–76.
[11] Shen J, Cui ZL, Miao YX, Mi GH, Zhang HY, Fan MS, et al. Transforming
agriculture in China: from solely high yield to both high yield and high resource use efficiency. Glob Food Secur 2013;2(1):1–8.
[12] Shen J, Li C, Mi G, Li L, Yuan L, Jiang R, et al. Maximizing root/rhizosphere
efficiency to improve crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in intensive agriculture of China. J Exp Bot 2013;64(5):1181–92.
[13] Jiao X, Lyu Y, Wu X, Li H, Cheng L, Zhang C, et al. Grain production versus
resource and environmental costs: towards increasing
资源可持续利用促进中国农业发展
