relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application preliminary knowleoblem of key is: according to meaniphing, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of comnt and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane gracs review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relatimon units of measuremeonship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和考研马哲部分重要名词解释
1. 哲学:世界观的理论形态,或者说是系统化、理论化的世界观;世界观和方法论的统一。
2. 世界观:对人与世界关系的根本看法、根本观点。
3. 方法论:认识世界和改造世界的根本方法。方法论与世界观是统一的,有什么样的世界观就有什么样的方法论。
4. 哲学基本问题:存在和思维、物质和意识的关系问题。哲学基本问题有两个方面,第一个方面是思维和存在谁是第一性的问题,这是划分唯物主义和唯心主义哲学派别的依据;第二方面是思维和存在有无同一性的问题,是划分可知论和不可知论的依据。
5. 唯物主义:在哲学基本问题上,主张物质第一性、意识第二性的哲学派别。唯物主义有三种历史形态:古代朴素唯物主义、近代机械唯物主义、现代辩证唯物主义。
6. 唯心主义:在哲学基本问题上,主张意识第一性、物质第二性的哲学派别。唯心主义有主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义两种形式。
7. 马克思主义哲学:辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义,关于自然。社会和思维发展的普遍规律的学说,无产阶级世界观的理论体系。
8. 一元论与二元论:对世界本原问题的不同回答而形成的哲学派别。认为世界本原是一个的是一元论哲学,唯物主义和唯心主义都是一元论哲学。认为世界有物质和意识两个独立自存的本原的是二元论哲学。
9. 可知论与不可知论:对哲学基本问题第二个方面的不同回答而形成的哲学派别。凡认为思维和存在有同一性的哲学派别都属于可知论哲学,认为思维和存在没有同一性的哲学是不可知论哲学。
10.物质:标志客观实在的哲学范畴。物质的根本特征是客观实在性。 11.运动:物质的存在方式,是标志物质世界一切事物和过程的变化的哲学范畴。
12.时间:物质运动过程的持续性,它的特点是一维性或不可逆性,即时间只能沿着过去、现在、将来的方向进行。
13.空间:运动着的物质的广延性,指事物的体积、形态、位置、距离和排
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application preliminary knowleoblem of key is: according to meaniphing, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of comnt and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, nd of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane gracs review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relatimon units of measuremeonship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和列次序等。空间的特点是三维性,即任何物体都有长、宽、高三个方向。 14.意识:自然界和社会长期发展的产物,是人脑的机能,物质世界的主观映象。
15.人工智能:又称机器思维,本质上是对人的思维的模拟。
16.唯物主义一元论:凡是把世界万物的本原归于物质的,都是唯物主义一元论。
17.唯心主义一元论:以不同形式把世界的本质归结为精神、意识的,是唯心主义一元论。
18.主观能动性:又称自觉能动性,人们认识世界和改造世界中有目的、有计划、积极主动的活动能力。主观能动性是人类特有的行为特征。
19.实事求是:本义是指严谨好学、务求真谛的一种认真的治学态度。毛泽东对之作出马克思主义解释,并用之来概括辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的思想路线,即“实事”就是客观存在着的一切事物,“是”就是客观事物的内部联系、规律,“求”就是去研究。
20.实践:人能动地改造世界的对象性活动。实践是人与世界关系的中介,是自在世界向人类世界转化的基础。实践是人的存在方式。 21.主体:从事实践活动和认识活动的人。 22.客体:实践活动和认识活动所指向的客观事物。
23.自在世界:人产生前的自然界和人类实践活动尚未深入到的自然界。 24.人类世界:又称属人世界,在人类实践基础上形成的人化自然和人类社会的统一体。
25.辩证法:关于普遍联系和永恒发展的学说,是用联系的、发展的、全面的、矛盾的观点来考察世界的世界观和方法论。辩证法有三大规律,即对立统一规律、量变质变规律、肯定否定规律。对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心。 26.形而上学:用孤立的、静止的、片面的、非矛盾的观点来考察世界的世界观和方法论。
27.联系:事物或现象之间以及事物内部各个要素之间的相互作用、相互影响和相互制约。
28.发展:事物从低级向高级、从量变到质变的运动变化过程。发展的最本
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application preliminary knowleoblem of key is: according to meaniphing, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of comnt and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane gracs review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphids to\cs perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relatimon units of measuremeonship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和质含义是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡。
29.肯定:事物内部维持其存在的方面,即确定这一事物是它自身而不是别的事物的方面。
30.否定:可以在三重意义上使用否定,一是否定的方面,即事物中促使其灭亡的方面或因素;二是否定的环节,即把事物的发展和联系统一起来的环节;三是否定的阶段,即否定之否定规律发展的第二阶段──从肯定到否定的阶段。 31.辩证否定:又称“扬弃”,事物自身的否定,是事物本身发展环节和联系环节的统一,是新事物对旧事物既克服又保留。
32.量变:事物数量的增减和场所的变更,表现为事物不显著的变化,体现了事物发展的连续性。量变是事物在度范围内的变化。
33.质变:事物由一种质态向另一种质态的飞跃。质变是事物根本性质的变化,表现为显著的变化,是事物连续性的中断。
34.度:事物保持其质的稳定性的量的幅度,是事物质与量相统一的哲学范畴。区分事物质变和量变的标准,就是看事物的变化是否超出了度。 35.规律:事物发展中本身固有的本质的、必然的、稳定的联系。 36.必然性和偶然性:揭示事物发生、发展和灭亡过程中两种不同趋势的哲学范畴。必然性是事物发展中合乎规律的、确定不移的趋势,是在一定条件下一定要发生的、不可避免的。偶然性是事物发展中可以这样出现也可以那样出现的、不确定的趋势。
37.现象和本质:揭示事物内在实质和外在表现之间关系的哲学范畴。现象是事物的外部联系和表面特征,是事物外在的表现。本质是事物的根本性质,是组成事物基本要素的内在联系。本质是与必然性、规律性同等程度的哲学范畴。 38.矛盾:事物内部或事物之间两个方面的对立和统一及其相互关系。 39.矛盾的同一性和斗争性:同一性和斗争性是矛盾的两个基本属性。矛盾的同一性或统一性是指双方依存、相互贯通的联系和趋势,包括两个基本含义,第一,矛盾双方相互依存,在一定条件下共处于一个统一体中;第二,矛盾双方相互贯通,即矛盾双方相互渗透、相互包含以及相互转化的趋势。矛盾的斗争性是指矛盾双方相互排斥的属性,体现着双方相互分离的倾向和趋势。斗争性作为哲学范畴包括自然界、社会、思维领域中的一切形式的差异、对立和斗争。
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application preliminary knowleoblem of key is: according to meaniphing, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of comnt and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, nd of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane gracs review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relatimon units of measuremeonship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和 40.矛盾的普遍性和特殊性:矛盾的普遍性又称矛盾的共性,有两层含义,其—,矛盾存在于一切事物的发展过程之中;其二,每一事物的发展过程中存在着自始至终的矛盾运动。简言之,处处有矛盾,时时有矛盾。矛盾的特殊性,又称矛盾的个性,是指具体事物所包含的矛盾以及每一矛盾的各个方面都有其特点。
41.基本矛盾:贯穿于事物发展过程之始终并规定事物及其过程的本质的矛盾。
42.主要矛盾:在许多矛盾构成的矛盾体系中处于支配地位、对事物的发展过程起决定作用的矛盾。非主要矛盾即次要矛盾则是处于从属地位,对事物发展过程不起决定作用的矛盾。
43.矛盾的主要方面:矛盾双方中处于支配地位、起主导作用的方面。处于被支配地位的另一方面则是矛盾的非主要方面。事物的性质主要是由取得支配地位的矛盾的主要方面决定的。
44.内因:事物内部的矛盾性。事物的内部矛盾是推动事物发展的根本动力和原因。坚持内因论也就把事物的运动发展看做是事物自我运动、自我发展。 45.外因:一事物与他事物的对立统一,即外部矛盾。外因是事物存在和发展的必要条件,外因通过内因起作用。
46.反映论:唯物主义认识论的根本观点。它从物质第一性、意识第二性的根本前提出发,明确指出客观世界是认识的源泉,认识是人脑对客观世界的主观映象,人的认识内容是客观的,形式是主观的。反映论坚持“从物到感觉和思想的路线”。
47.能动的反映论:马克思主义反映论的根本特点。马克思主义认识论之所以是能动的,是因为它把实践引入了认识论,把辩证法贯穿于认识过程。 48.先验论:唯心主义认识论的根本特点。它从意识第一性,物质第二性的前提出发,把人的意识说成先天就有的东西,是先于物质、先于实践的东西,物质世界反而是这种意识的产物。先验论坚持“从思想和感觉到物的路线”。 49.感性认识:认识的初级阶段。客观事物直接作用于人的感觉器官而产生的一种关于事物现象、事物外部联系、事物各个片面的认识。形象性和直接性是感性认识的特点。感性认识有三种形式,即感觉、知觉、表象。
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application preliminary knowleoblem of key is: according to meaniphing, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of comnt and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prdge (2)--plane gracs review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphids to\cs perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relatimon units of measuremeonship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和 50.理性认识:认识发展的高级阶段。人们对感性认识材料进行抽象和概括而产生的一种关于事物的本质、事物的全体、事物的内部联系的认识。抽象性、间接性是理性认识的特点。理性认识有三种形式,即概念、判断、推理。 51.真理:标志主观与客观相符合的哲学范畴,是人们对客观事物及其规律的正确反映。
52.客观真理:真理的客观性。有两重含义,一是真理的内容是客观的,不以人的意志为转移;二是检验真理的标准实践也是客观的。
53.绝对真理:真理的绝对性。有两方面的含义:一是任何真理都是客观的,这一点是绝对的、无条件的;二是人类的认识按其本性能够认识发展的物质世界,认识每前进一步就是对无限发展的物质世界的一次接近,这一点也是绝对的、无条件的。
54.相对真理:真理的相对性指人的认识总是在一定条件下对客观世界的认识,因而总是有局限性的、不完全的。
55.价值:客体以自身的属性满足主体需要的效用关系。价值是主体性和客观性的统一。
56.社会存在:又称社会物质生活条件,指构成社会生活的物质因素的总和,包括地理环境、人口因素和物质资料的生产方式,其中,地理环境和人口因素是社会得以存在和发展的必要条件,生产方式则是社会发展的决定力量,是社会存在的根本内容。
57.社会意识;指社会生活中的精神现象及其过程,包括社会意识的各种形式,也包括社会心理与自发形成的风俗、习惯。
58.神学历史观:指对社会历史进行了神化,认为“上帝”是主宰国家兴亡、民族兴衰的力量,否定社会的客观性,也否定了人的主体性,对社会的本质作神学目的论歪曲的社会历史观。
59.唯心主义历史观:把社会精神化了,认为社会本质上是人的意志、意识活动的产物。唯心主义历史观看到了社会是有目的、有意志的人进行的活动这一特殊性,但它们夸大了这一特殊性,认为人的意志、意识决定社会的发展。 60.自然主义历史观:指把社会的本质归结为自然条件,归结为社会所处的地理环境。没有看到自然条件既不能决定社会的本质,也不能成为决定社会制度