句子一：
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子能够拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的结构：
1)骨干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell... 2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able
3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances
第三、词的处置： hey 指示代词，测试 compensate for 弥补
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公 and thus 因此 ell 说明
underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下 参考译文：
例如，测试并非弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，若是在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才华。
句子二：
1
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
句子分析：
第一、句子能够拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.
第二、句子骨干结构是：
1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语
2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on... 3) the information used是名词+过去分词作定语
4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information
第三、词的处置：
be validated by 为……所证明 depends upon 取决于 reliability 靠得住性 appropriateness 适应性 interpreted 解释 参考译文：
这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证明，这取决于所采用信息的数量、靠得住性和适应性，和解释这些信息的技术和才干。
句子三：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
2
句子分析：
第一、句子能够拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子骨干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句，depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处置：
Whether to..., or 是……仍是……
both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情形下 therefore 因此
the evidence from experience 经验依据 concerning 与……有关的 comparative validity 相对效度 such factors as... 诸如……等因素 参考译文：
因此，在某一特定情形下，究竟是采用测试仍是其他种类的信息，或是二者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
句子四：
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
句子分析：
第一、句子能够拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
第二、句子的结构：
3
考研英语长句翻译
